Individuals and Their Discoveries Are Not Enough to Bring...

Individuals and their discoveries are not enough on their own to bring medical progress. Explain how far this statement applies to Jenner and his work. Jenner’s discovery of the link between cowpox and smallpox was significant to the development of a vaccine for smallpox. However, it can be argued that Jenner and his discovery were not enough on their own to bring medical progress. The factors Scientific thinking, Government Communication and Changing attitudes played a major and important role to bring medical progress. One reason as to why the statement applies to Jenner and his work is because the Government worked in Jenners favour to bring medical progress. In 1802 and 1807, Parliament gave Edward Jenner  £30,000 to develop his work†¦show more content†¦Due to many people who had begun to think in a more scientific way, this meant that they were more open into accepting Jenner’s theory for Vaccinations. This implies that if people’s attitudes were similar to people who had supernatural beliefs, they would not have accepted the theory, therefore without the changing attitudes, Jenner’s work would not have caused a huge medical progression. Another reason which explains how the statement is relevant to Jenner and his work is because of the scientific thinking. Edward Jenner was able to use scientific method and experimentation in his research which is a clear indication his work can be considered trustworthy and it is likely to be accurate. Jenner also tested out his theory on a small boy which proved his theory to be correct but also on twenty-three other people. This shows that without the scientific methods and experiments, Jenner would not have reached the conclusion that his hypothesis was correct; therefore this is evidence for medical progress. Jenner’s scientific thinking is a key factor because without it, scientists would not have been able to see his work. Also his work would not have been as widely spread; people would not trust his work if it hadn’t been tested accurately, therefore people would not use his work. Another explanation as to why the statement applies to Jenner and his work is because of the individuals. Jenner himself had the insight toShow MoreRelatedManagement Course: Mba−10 General Management215330 Words   |  862 Pagesand others . . . This book was printed on recycled paper. Management http://www.mhhe.com/primis/online/ Copyright  ©2005 by The McGraw−Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without prior written permission of the publisher. This McGraw−Hill Primis textRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesOrganizational Behavior This page intentionally left blank Organizational Behavior EDITION 15 Stephen P. Robbins —San Diego State University Timothy A. Judge —University of Notre Dame i3iEi35Bj! Boston Columbus Indianapolis New York San Francisco Upper Saddle River Amsterdam Cape Town Dubai London Madrid Milan Munich Paris Montreal Toronto Delhi Mexico City Sao Paulo Sydney Hong Kong Seoul Singapore Taipei Tokyo Editorial Director: Sally Yagan Director of Editorial Services:Read MoreInternational Management67196 Words   |  269 PagesThis page intentionally left blank International Management Culture, Strategy, and Behavior Eighth Edition Fred Luthans University of Nebraska–Lincoln Jonathan P. Doh Villanova University INTERNATIONAL MANAGEMENT: CULTURE, STRATEGY, AND BEHAVIOR, EIGHTH EDITION Published by McGraw-Hill, a business unit of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1221 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY 10020. Copyright  © 2012 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Previous editions  © 2009

Risks Outweigh The Benefits Of Vaccines - 1552 Words

Risks outweigh the benefits The side effects of vaccines are detrimental. Many parents are aware that vaccinations prevent disease and vaccinating their child aides in herd immunity. However, some may determine that the possible risks of vaccinations overshadow the benefits. The main concerns parents have are about the reactions to vaccinations. There is credible evidence that some vaccines may cause adverse events (Maglione, Das, Raaen, Smith, Chari, Newberry, Shanman, Perry, Bidwell Gidengil 2014). The type of adverse event depends on the vaccine. The measles, mumps and rubella vaccine has been associated with febrile seizures as well as body encephalitis, both which are serious conditions. Trivalent inactivated vaccines were†¦show more content†¦These parents choose to not vaccinate due to traumatizing experiences related to vaccinations not because the parent is ignorant or apathetic towards the benefits of vaccinations. These parents are appalled that their personal experiences are cited as unusual. Unusual or not, when a traumatizing event happens to a family, it is very understandable that the family may be skeptical of doctors and their claims that vaccinations are safe. These parents may believe vaccines are beneficial, but also believ e it is not the best decision for their child (Luthy, Beckstrand, Callister Cahoon 2011). Doctors can’t be trusted Doctor patient relationships are very important. Doctors are usually the people who try to persuade parents to vaccinate their children. Doctors are one of the most integral people who communicate and administer childhood vaccinations (Ngoh Ng, 2016). If the relationship with the doctor is not good, a parent may choose not to trust the doctor on the issue of vaccinating one’s child. Doctors have cited that they have noticed that strained doctor patient relationships have a factor in parents choosing to not vaccinate (Yaqub, Castle-Clark, Sevdalis Chataway, 2014). Parents may fear that doctors may not be educated about vaccinations because they generally are not the ones who research and test vaccines. Also, parents may feel

Use the following categories to analyze the ways in which African American created a distinctive culture in slaveryFamily, Music, Oral traditions and Religions. Essay Example For Students

Use the following categories to analyze the ways in which African American created a distinctive culture in slavery:Family, Music, Oral traditions and Religions. Essay Use the following categories to analyze the ways in which African American created a distinctive culture in slavery:Family, Music, Oral traditions and Religions. By Jackiefloresl 997 Use the following categories to analyze the ways in which African American created a distinctive culture in slavery:Family, Music, Oral traditions and Religions. Thesis:ln the 1800s, enslavement didnt constrict African Americans but more so helped them to develop construct their culture. As in every ethnicity family was crucial to african americans not even separation could tear them apart. Talong with hat, the different ethnicities languages of the u. s. assisted in making creole, pidgin, other secret languages amongst slaves. Plus, the variation in religion allowed them to utilize Christianity, Protestantism, Catholicism when making their iwn religion helped with the creation of voodoo. However, when it came to music they used originality for oral traditions they used folk tales from back at home without U. S. Influences. Family Ts:the worst part about slavery was no doubt the separation of loved ones;however, it did form hidden slave communities focused on matriarchy. Many families were broken up by the sale of a member of the family, and yet family connections were often preserved (and many rejoined after the Civil War). Slaves who were sold and moved on to new plantations/farms connected with others who had family members in previous settings from which they had come reinforced many such informal linkages. -Because of the breakup of many families, children were often raised primarily by the mothers, creating female-centered household traditions that persisted after slavery Music Ts:past times from field work household duties helped compose genres of dance music. Gospels, hymns, and spirituals created in religious settings; songs that evolved while working in fields (especially to provide work rhythms) and as expressions of resistance and protest, often in Creole or pidgin English not understood by most whites. -Subsequent renowned styles of music, such as the blues and Jazz, evolved out of the various styles sustained during slavery, with regional variations. Oral traditionsTs: in african american culture words are a powerful thing, slaves used that belief to their advantage. Heavvy reliance on models of oral traditions rought over from Africa and further developed; spread by fugitives, griots, conjurers and shamans (thought to have spiritual or magical powers), slaves sold in the Deep South, and black preachers who embraced Christianity, especially because most white communities prohibited the teaching of literacy to slaves. -Use of folk tales, such as Brer Rabbit, that taught lessons about surviving under oppression. ReligionsTs:african a mericans used the diversity of ethnicities when constructing their own religion culture. -Ideas and practices were disseminated by African American preachers, rebel leaders, abolitionists, and groups such as the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts, as well as in churches begun by free ATrlcan Americans (especlally In uroan settlngs). -wnlle cnrlstlanlty was presented slaves as demanding subservience and obedience, the slaves interpreted it as a message of liberation and understood Christ as ministering to the poor and oppressed, not to the rich and oppressive. conclusion:ln all, the enslavement that african americans had to endure ultimately made them use their creativity to develop heir culture in the U. S. They meticulously merged religions, languages, other cultures from the Spanish, French, other U. S. Inhabitants. They developed dance genres musical genres while working over bearing exhausting Jobs. Their oral traditions were words of spiritual power and also amusing folk tales used for teaching african american youngsters. It ultimately les to famous african american writers speakers. Yet, through the trials faced by slaves in the 1800s they survived by utilizing what they had making it work for them leading to a distinct african culture.

Research Paper College Athletes free essay sample

While athletes work their rear ends off, the university makes millions and the coachs gets a six- Geiger yearly salary. Although people argue college athletes already have a scholarship, these athletes have no choice but to go the extra mile by maintaining high grades and performing at a high level in their sports; so they should be compensated for it. II. Opposition The main problem with paying students athletes is that it is not the colleges primary function. The primary function of a academic institution is to educate, says Koori Mishearing.It would not make sense for an academic intuition to run a multi-million dollar entertainment business, which is what allege football and basketball have become. The college experience is payment enough for these athletes. While the majority of students athletes are getting scholarship money which is money they dont have to pay back. Majority of students are taking loans that have to paid back with small interest involved. We will write a custom essay sample on Research Paper College Athletes or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page If students athlete get paid they will not take their education serious enough to get good grades.College athlete have so many advantages already, by them getting paid would be surplus. College already provides students with an invaluable benefit already; by obtaining a college degree, the outwork the athlete can create, and higher paying job opportunities. Student athletes should look at their education as plan A, and their professional career in sports plan be. The reason why is there is a very small percentage that makes it professionally and if a career is cut short because of injury, the athlete can depend on the education they received. Ill.Refutation Collegiate athletes cannot live comfortably with the time they have to dedicate for school and the time they have to dedicate to the sport they are committed to. Very few college athletes receive a full ride scholarship; which covers tuition, fees, room, board and textbooks. Some athletes receive scholarships that cover only a portion of these expenses, but many still receive exceedingly more aid than the average student. Which is fair since that are contributing more than an average student. College athletes and the talents they have, provide a huge source of the universities income. The university basically takes in money from ticket sales, television contracts, and sport-related merchandise. The athletes, on the other hand, receive their scholarship and little more. So the fact is the collegiate athlete, willingly or unwillingly, helps their university bring in millions of dollars while the athlete struggles for their basic needs. Read in Sports and Athletes page 96. According to an article in the Harvard Journal on Legislation, in the past twelve years, the amount of money generated by basketball and football programs has increased nearly 300%, such as they fund almost all other sports. Think of the amount of money a player like Johnny Minimize made his university Texas A. Adrian Peterson an elite running back in the NFG stated his first daughter was born while he was in college, adding responsibilities to his plate outside of playing football and going to class. He states: Nobody wants to live in the dorms for four years. You see the guys who are older, and they have responsibilities. I feel like, as much money as universities make, some of that should come down to the players, as well. We all know how fun it was watching Peterson his college years.

Lanthanides - Properties of Element Groups

Lanthanides - Properties of Element Groups The lanthanides or F Block elements are a set of elements of the periodic table. While there is some dispute over which elements to include in the group, the lanthanides generally include the following 15 elements: Lanthanum (La)Cerium (Ce)Praseodymium (Pr)Neodymium (Nd)Promethium (Pm)Samarium (Sm)Europium (Eu)Gadolinium (Gd)Terbium (Tb)Dysprosium (Dy)Holmium (Ho)Erbium (Er)Thulium (Tm)Ytterbium (Yb)Lutetium (Lu) Here is a look at their location and common properties: Key Takeaways: Lanthanide The lanthanides are a group of 15 chemical elements, with atomic numbers 57 through 71.All of these elements have one valence electron in the 5d shell.The elements share properties in common with the first element in the group lanthanum.The lanthanides are reactive, silver-colored metals.The most stable oxidation state for lanthanide atoms is 3, but the 2 and 4 oxidation states are also common.Although the lanthanides are sometimes called the rare earths, the elements are not particularly rare. However, they are difficult to separate from one another. The D Block Elements The lanthanides are located in block 5d of the periodic table. The first 5d transition element is either lanthanum or lutetium, depending on how you interpret the periodic trends of the elements. Sometimes only the lanthanides, and not the actinides, are classified as rare earths. The lanthanides are not as rare as was once thought; even the scarce rare earths (e.g., europium, lutetium) are more common than the platinum-group metals. Several of the lanthanides form during the fission of uranium and plutonium. Lanthanide Uses The lanthanides have many scientific and industrial uses. Their compounds are used as catalysts in the production of petroleum and synthetic products. Lanthanides are used in lamps, lasers, magnets, phosphors, motion picture projectors, and X-ray intensifying screens. A pyrophoric mixed rare-earth alloy called Mischmetall (50% Ce, 25% La, 25% other light lanthanides) or misch metal is combined with iron to make flints for cigarette lighters. The addition of 1% Mischmetall or lanthanide silicides improves the strength and workability of low alloy steels. Common Properties of the Lanthanides Lanthanides share the following common properties: Silvery-white metals that tarnish when exposed to air, forming their oxides.Relatively soft metals. Hardness increases somewhat with higher atomic number.Moving from left to right across the period (increasing atomic number), the radius of each lanthanide 3 ion steadily decreases. This is referred to as lanthanide contraction.High melting points and boiling points.Very reactive.React with water to liberate hydrogen (H2), slowly in cold/quickly upon heating. Lanthanides commonly bind to water.React with H (dilute acid) to release H2 (rapidly at room temperature).React in an exothermic reaction with H2.Burn easily in air.They are strong reducing agents.Their compounds are generally ionic.At elevated temperatures, many rare earths ignite and burn vigorously.Most rare earth compounds are strongly paramagnetic.Many rare earth compounds fluoresce strongly under ultraviolet light.Lanthanide ions tend to be pale colors, resulting from weak, narrow, forbidden f x f optical transitions.The mag netic moments of the lanthanide and iron ions oppose each other. The lanthanides react readily with most nonmetals and form binaries on heating with most nonmetals.The coordination numbers of lanthanides are high (greater than 6; usually 8 or 9 or as high as 12). Lanthanide Versus Lanthanoid Because the -ide suffix is used to indicate negative ions in chemistry, the IUPAC recommends members of this element group be called lanthanoids. The -oid suffix is in keeping with names of another element group the metalloids. There is a precedent for a name change, since an even earlier name for the elements was lanthanon. However, nearly all scientists and peer-reviewed articles still refer to the element group as the lanthanides. Sources David A. Atwood, ed. (19 February 2013). The Rare Earth Elements: Fundamentals and Applications (eBook). John Wiley Sons. ISBN 9781118632635.Gray, Theodore (2009). The Elements: A Visual Exploration of Every Known Atom in the Universe. New York: Black Dog Leventhal Publishers. p. 240. ISBN 978-1-57912-814-2.Holden, Norman E.; Coplen, Tyler (2004). The Periodic Table of the Elements. Chemistry International. IUPAC. 26 (1): 8. doi:10.1515/ci.2004.26.1.8Krishnamurthy, Nagaiyar and Gupta, Chiranjib Kumar (2004). Extractive Metallurgy of Rare Earths. CRC Press. ISBN 0-415-33340-7McGill, Ian (2005) Rare Earth Elements in Ullmanns Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Wiley-VCH, Weinheim. doi:10.1002/14356007.a22_607

3 Ways Kids Can Teach Us About Content Writing and Delivery

3 Ways Kids Can Teach Us About Content Writing and Delivery Do you ever feel like your business writing is overly formal? Stilted? Drab? You’re not alone. Companies face the same problem, often bringing in experts like me because so many of their employees write and deliver content that makes their audience yawn, or worse, hit â€Å"Delete.† To address this issue, I ask clients the following question frequently: â€Å"How would you say or explain this to a child?† Here are three places I recommend using this trick to transform content into something people actually want to read: 1) Your LinkedIn profile. In presentations like How to Put Your Personality into Your LinkedIn Profile, I suggest doing this exercise: Explain what you do for work to a 5-year-old. That way, instead of using big words that few people understand, you will be forced to present what you do in a simplified, engaging way. You might not use the exact same words you’d use to talk to someone 35 or 55 years your junior, but something might come out that is fresh and refreshing! Here’s how one LinkedIn user, Jess Hornyak, describes herself: Its safe to say I don’t fit into a traditional bubble. Im an art director, but Im really so much more. Im a strategist. A writer. An artist. A competitor. Its why I’m looking for people who could use a little more non-traditional in their everyday lives. Plus, it means Im never bored. And definitely not boring. Do you see the childlike energy in what she wrote? She definitely keeps me reading! I challenge you to put this type of wonder in your own LinkedIn profile, even in subtle ways. Your readers will appreciate it. They might even pick you first for the kickball team. 2) Video scripts and videos. When I was working with a company who writes video scripts and then produces the videos to explain its product to users, I was fortunate to have the speaker from the video in the room. I asked her to read her script, and she asked if I wanted her to use her â€Å"video voice.† â€Å"Sure!† I said. It turned out that her video voice sounded like she was reading and presenting, rather than like she was talking to me. I asked her to read the script as if she were reading to a child. She started to see that the script contained so much lingo that it was actually impossible to read it that way. A conversation ensued about how to create less terminology-dense content for the company’s users. Shortly thereafter, I encountered a perfect example of kid-friendly content. Take a couple of minutes to listen to the audio for this Social Media Examiner article on How to Use Showcase Pages for Business. You’ll notice the excitement, even giddiness in her voice. You can hear her smiling. That’s the voice we use to talk to little ones. You may also notice a nice amount of variety in sentence structure in the Social Media Examiner article. There are shorter sentences, longer sentences and questions mixed in throughout. That’s how we talk to kids too. Not all of your content will be read aloud in an audio or video. But reading content aloud to yourself or another person, even if it’s being sent in an email or posted on a site, will give you a great sense of how it sounds to the reader. After all, most readers read things with an internal voice that we want to sound conversational and not bore us to death. 3) Instructional materials. When we talk to kids we don’t say things like, â€Å"These toys need to be picked up by you.† No. We say, â€Å"Pick up your toys!!† You’ll notice that the first sentence is written in passive voice (for a tutorial on passive vs. active voice, see Grammar Girl’s article on the topic). If you’re a writer, you know that passive voice takes more words and generally puts people to sleep much faster than active writing. Yet technical writers often default to phrases like, â€Å"The search box is found in the upper right corner of your screen. When a search term is entered into the box, the site will be searched.† Are you asleep yet? What about something more like this: â€Å"Looking for something on our site? Just enter what you want in the search box in the upper right corner of your screen. Presto! Your search results appear!† That second option is much more kid-friendly, isn’t it? Of course, depending on your company’s brand, you might choose to use words like â€Å"Presto† – or not. Always be appropriate to your company brand guidelines. Or you might get sent to your room. If you’re having trouble breaking out of adult speak, try talking to an actual child about any of the above three items. Or, do this exercise: Write a script where you invite a child in your life to go on a trip to Disney World. How would you talk? What questions would you ask? How would they respond? Writing this way will jostle your brain and wake up some creativity cells. Let’s face it: We’re kids at heart. And with everything we’re juggling on a daily basis, we can have the attention span of a 5-year-old. So let’s keep our communications simple and wondrous. Tap into your inner kid and have fun!

Stock Investment Analysis Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Stock Investment Analysis - Research Paper Example in mid-1995, it has experienced a number of achievement and challenges based on its overall performance which have made it get where it is today (Fidelity, 2014). FLCSX and S&P 500 are companies that offer the similar services to its clients in the United States of America. FLCSX has a portfolio that consists of eleven equities section which include health care, financials, energy, consumer staples, industrials, telecommunication services and utilities. Others include materials and customer discretion. These equities made it possible for the company to be ranked position seven after more than five hundred large companies that perform this kind of duty were evaluated by the United States News organization in 2013 and FLCSX appeared at number seven. This means that the year-to-date performance for this company is promising despite it registered an overall return of 16.24%. There are a number of drivers that made it possible for this company to perform well in the market. The greatest contributor to FLCSX success is the financial equity section because of the of the various portfolio mixtures that it has offers to its clients. These mixtures include Charles Schwab that has offered a return of 55%, JPMorgan Chase that had 29.35% and MetLife that had 48%. Charles Schwab and MetLife from the historical perspective have been performing well, thus resulting to the ever increasing interest rates (Fidelity, 2014). Therefore, both companies (FLCSX and S&P 500) registered a 20% share price increment after thus, taking advantage on speculations that the market’s economy was gradually recovering from the recession. Basing on the evaluation done by US News, S&P 500 is also among the companies that registered an excellent year-to-date return of more than 13.80%. In the first quarter of 2013, both S&P 500 and FLCSX gained more than ten points but during the s econd quarter of the same year, their returns decreased thus the former recording a return of 2.90%while the latter

Expectancy Violation theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Expectancy Violation theory - Essay Example EVT is used to understand and to evaluate their interactions and the outcomes of those interactions in this scene. EVT asserts that every person has an expectation regarding other people’s behaviors that affect their personal space. Personal space pertains to the invisible and varying spatial levels that people put around their bodies. Their idea of personal space guides their spatial expectations from other people. For instance, Fran has a small personal space, where she talks closely to people, such as one to two feet away from them, regardless of her personal and professional relationship with them. To further understand the scene, the concepts of expectancy, violation valence, and communicator reward valence are applied. Expectancy is what people think will happen (or what they expect to happen) and not what they desire to happen. Context, kind of relationship, and communicator characteristics affect expectancy. Context includes cultural norms and setting. Relationship lev el and status depend on similarity, familiarity, liking, and relative status. Communicator characteristics are comprised of demographics, as well as physical appearance, personality and communication style. During the interview scene, Maxwell expects deference from Fran, since she is applying as a nanny. ... Her cultural beliefs and practices influence her open, honest, and warm attitude and actions toward Maxwell and his children. The context calls for a large distance between Fran and Maxwell during the interview process, but Fran deviates from the social norms when she repeatedly comes close to Maxwell and invades his intimate distance. In addition, the relationship level of the two suggests that as a job applicant of a low-status job, Maxwell expects Fran to be not so familiar in her attitudes toward him. He does not expect to like her immediately, and in fact, he does not think Fran has enough experience and background to be a suitable nanny for his children. Fran acts and feels the opposite once more when compared with Maxwell. She feels at home at the Sheffield’s residence already, as she walks around confidently and speaks closely to Maxwell and his children. She also shows liking toward her employer and treats him like a friend by invading his intimate distance. Finally, for communicator characteristics, Maxwell is detached in dealing with his children and employees. He has a respectable demeanor and he communicates in a formal manner, which is not surprising because he is a Broadway producer. He talks to them rarely within his intimate distance. Furthermore, Maxwell is a handsome bachelor, which makes him appealing to Fran. Fran does not have many similar communicator characteristics to Maxwell because she is friendly, outgoing, and frank. She is attractive and sexy too, which makes her confident in her actions and allows her to easily violate Maxwell’s personal space. Violation valence is the next concept of EVT, which pertains to positive or negative values placed on particular unexpected behaviors. In the interview scene, Maxwell

Gdp And Economic Welfare Essay Example for Free

Gdp And Economic Welfare Essay Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is the most important economic indicator and it is used for comparison purposes to see how countries are doing economic wise. It entails the aggregate production or output in a country. GDP can be measured using either the expenditure approach where all final expenditures are added or by the income approach where all compensations of employees and other forms of incomes are added up. GDP is used to measure an economy’s economic growth. Hartzenberg T et al (2005, 114). The real GDP can be used to establish how an economy is performing and hence compare various economies as one can compare their outputs. It is also important in the sense that it can be used for forecasting purposes and hence important in planning. This paper will distinguish the difference between economic growth which can be measured using GDP statistics and national welfare or people’s well being. According to McConnel and Brue in their distinguished book ‘Economics’, a country can be said to have economic growth when there is a positive increase in its GDP. Economic growth is different from economic welfare and economic development. Economic growth is characterized by an increment in natural resources, the quantity or quality for the human resources, as well as an improvement in technology that translates to increased productivity. Economic growth refers to a positive shift in the production possibility curve to the right or where economic efficiency is attained. McConnel and Brue (2005, 149). A country A could register a higher GDP than country B but this does not necessarily mean that country A is doing better in terms of economic welfare as there is a clear distinction between economic growth and national welfare. This can be blamed on the limitations attached or rather linked to GDP calculation and analysis. (facstaff. uww. edu). Walter in the book ‘Economics’, noted that GDP ignores or rather omits household production which is an important sector in as far as determining the welfare of people is concerned. Wessels W (2006, 75). Alan and Laurence backed this idea in their book ‘Macroeconomics an integrated approach’ where they argued that GDP does not account for the unreported incomes which are earned in the ‘underground economy’. A good illustration of unreported incomes is a situation where waiters fail to report all the tips they acquire while on duty. People may fail to report their actual incomes to evade taxes. Statistical problems could also have occurred creating the impression that country A had a higher GDP than country B though this may not be actually be the case. Some people may not divulge all the information regarding their incomes or expenditure leading to wrong GDP estimates. If country B has a very significant ‘underground economy’ then her citizens could be doing better than those in country A even though the latter had a lower GDP. This is an indication that high GDP rates do not necessarily translate to better welfare for the citizens. Auerbach and Kotlikoff (1998, 136). When calculating GDP the aspect of leisure is ignored although it is very critical in as far as defining people’s welfare is concerned. Country A could register a higher GDP than country B but the citizens in country A could have been overworked leading to health complications. In this case, the high GDP could be at the expense of the people’s health and we cannot conclude that it ensured their welfare or well being. Wessels W (2006, 75). Using GDP figures to determine the people’s welfare is inappropriate as it fails to include ecological costs incurred in the process of attaining the said GDP. Ecological costs include the costs of pollution. Country A could register a higher GDP than country B due to the fact that country A had better technology that ensured increased production. However, the increased production could have been realized in the face of increased air, water and land pollution all of which poses health hazards to the citizens. Wessels W (2006, 75). When such is the case then we cannot conclude that country B is doing better than country A. People’s well being encompasses the people’s health and not just their economic well being. A country with lower GDP but ensuring that her environment is safe for her citizens is doing well in terms of national welfare even though it could record a lower GDP than one with a higher GDP but has a polluted environment. GDP ignores a country’s environmental quality and it fails to account for the consequences that an economic growth could come along with. Auerbach and Kotlikoff (1998, 136). GDP also focuses on output or production although it is consumption that could best explain people’s welfare. For instance country A could sell more goods to other nations like country B since the demand for such goods in country B is higher. In this context, country B could be doing better than country A but since country A exports more it may create the impression that it is doing better. On the other hand, country B may register a lower GDP translating to being worse off as her net exports are negative but in the real sense they could be doing better. Focusing only on the output approach would lead to distortions while addressing the issue of national welfare. Another critical issue cited by Wessels as a limitation of using GDP to evaluate a country’s or nation’s well being is the fact that government spending is valued at cost rather than at its value. Government projects in country A could have been at a higher cost than those in country B but an important aspect to consider here is how much the projects were worth to the citizens. This is because some important projects could be undervalued while worthless projects are overvalued and this will have a significant impact in as far as influencing the people’s welfare or well being is concerned. Wessels (2006, 75). GDP calculation does not include the plight of the people in terms of health and life expectancy which are quite important in assessing the people’s well being or welfare. Country A could have a higher GDP than country B but if she has a lower life expectancy rate and is performing poorly in terms of general health of her citizens then we cannot argue that her citizens are better off than those of country B especially if in country B the life expectancy and general health is better. Health which is a very important factor in determining the people’s welfare when calculating a country’s GDP people’s conditions health wise are only included if they increase the costs of the health system. A country’s health costs could be attributed to modern and advanced health technologies but this does not guarantee a nations well being health wise as the costs incurred may not match the benefits attained. Democracy or political freedom is an important part in determining people’s welfare. Good governance is one where respective freedoms are respected and most importantly democracy embraced. Using GDP to evaluate people’s welfare is inappropriate as it does not provide any information regarding a country’s governance. Country A could register a higher GDP than country B but the political organization in country A could be oppressive to the citizens. In this context, we cannot argue that country A citizens are better than those in country B which could be exercising democracy and consequently not oppressing her citizens. (facstaff. uww. edu). Another vital issue in defining people’s well being is assessing social justice in a country. If country A registered a higher GDP but was very poor in terms of the civil justice system then we cannot conclude that her citizens well being was ensured. Country B citizens could be doing better at a lower GDP level if she ensured an effective social justice system. An effective system ensures that the rule of law is embraced and people’s rights respected. This is important in ensuring that corruption which threatens people’s welfare as it only benefits a segment of the total population is kept at bay. Using GDP to compare the well being of people in country A and B could give a wrong impression of what is actually the case. This is attributed to the fact that a country could have overly adjusted for inflation leading to the impression that increase in prices translate to hikes in prices even when this could be as a result of improvement in the products produced. Morse S (2004, 39). Another aspect that makes it inappropriate to compare country’s welfare using the GDP statistics is the fact that for such comparisons one must convert the currencies into the other country’s currency and when carrying out the conversions it is possible to understate a country’s GDP especially in the developing nations. A country A could register a higher GDP than country B due to errors arising from conversions of currencies. (facstaff. uww. edu). Country A could have a higher GDP than country B but her citizens could be worse off than those of country B in terms of national welfare. This is attributed to the fact that country A could be characterized by many social evils as opposed to country B. Failure to include the non-market production in the calculation of GDP makes it an inappropriate tool in determining people’s welfare in an economy. Such services like childcare, subsistence farming and care for the aged mean a lot in as far as people’s welfare is concerned. Country A could have a higher GDP but with a lower subsistence economy when compared to country B. A significant subsistence economy would ensure that a country’s food security is ensured and this would place her citizens at a better stance in as far as their well being or welfare is concerned. GDP fails to account for the effects or consequences of technology which has an impact in its determination. In contrast GDP is more concerned on the value of the end product without taking to concern the efficiency of the technologies in question. If country A registered a higher GDP than country B but country A’s government invested more in sectors like education and health ensuring that her citizens were better off in those areas then we can conclude that country B’s welfare is doing well even if it has a lower GDP than country A. Treating investment in education and health as consumption rather than investments makes it difficult to estimate people’s welfare. Willis I (1997, 164). Distribution of resources in a country is also a point to consider when using GDP figures to estimate people’s welfare. Country A could register a higher GDP than country B but this high GDP could have been arrived from a small insignificant proportion of the total population. This is to say that it is inappropriate to say that country A citizens are doing better than those in country B as the GDP is contributed by a small proportion while a large proportion of the society could be languishing in poverty. Income distribution is of much essence when determining people’s welfare in an economy. The inequality issue and GDP arise more so in developing countries or third world as opposed to developed ones. Willis I (1997, 164). Social issues like family stability are also not reflected when calculating GDP although it has an impact on people’s welfare or well being. GDP in country A could be higher than that in country B as more money is being channelled into paying divorce cases lawyers or building more police posts in response to increased crime rates. This illustrates that it is inappropriate to make conclusions about people’s welfare using GDP. In his book ‘The Japanese Economy’, Mitsuo Saito noted the inappropriateness of GDP as a tool of evaluating people’s well being due to the fact that it does not indicate the labour conditions, housing conditions, state of the social security or the urban life which are crucial in determining people’s well being. Saito M (2000, 13). Economic growth could be based on either the demand side or the supply side of an economy. The aggregate demand could increase due to an increment in the population size while aggregate supply could be due to the discovery of new natural resources. Aggregate output is affected by the level of labour supply, the stock of accumulated capital, level of technology as well as the institutions in place. There is an inverse relationship between prices levels and output and when prices levels fall the output increases. Tanzi and Chu (1998, 203). Monetary and fiscal policies in a given economy would affect the country’s well being or welfare. The people’s welfare will be affected by the policies that an economy embraces. Good policies are those that aim for equitable economic growth in a nation. They ensure that the poor in the society are not worse off but instead uplift them. This can be achieved through the application of equitable taxes such that people’s ability to pay is what determines the amount they are to pay all taxes. The rich will pay a higher amount than the poor in such cases. The government could also apply fiscal policies to ensure development for the poor in society. References: Alan J. Auerbach, Laurence J. Kotlikoff. 1998. Macroeconomics: An Integrated Approach. MIT Press. Bernard Baumohl. 2007. The Secrets of Economic Indicators: Hidden Clues to Future Economic Trends and Investment Opportunities. Wharton School Publishing. Campbell R. McConnell, Stanley L. Brue. 2005. Economics: Principles, Problems, and Policies. McGraw-Hill Professional Publishers. Measuring GDP and economic growth. Retrieved on 23rd November 2008 from http://facstaff. uww. edu/ahmady/courses/econ202/ps/sg3. pdf Mitsuo Saito. 2000. The Japanese Economy. World Scientific Publishers. Ian Wills. 1997. Economics and the Environment: A Signaling and Incentives Approach Allen Unwin Publishers. Stephen Morse. 2004. Indices and Indicators in Development: An Unhealthy Obsession with Numbers? Earthscan Publishers. T. Hartzenberg, Buck Standish, A. Wentzel, V. Tang, T. Hartzenberg, S. Richards. 2005.

Aristotle Essays -- essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Aristotle was born in Stagira, located in northern Greece, in 384 B.C. He died in Chalcis, on the Aegean island of Euboea, in 322 B.C. Aristotle's father had been court physician to the Macedonian king Amyntas II. Aristotle lost both of his parents when he was child, and was brought up by a friend of the family.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Aristotle wrote 170 books, 47 of which still exist more than two thousand years later. Aristotle was also a philosopher who wrote about ethics, psychology, economics, theology, politics, and rhetoric. Later inventions like the telescope and microscope would prove many of Aristotle’s theories to be incorrect, but his ideas formed the basis of modern science.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Aristotle's most successful scientific writings were those on biology. He studied over five hundred animal species and dissected nearly fifty of them. He was particularly interested in sea life and observed that the dolphin brought forth its young alive and nourished the fetus by means of a special organ called a placenta. No fish did this, but all mammals did, so Aristotle classed the dolphin with the beasts of the field rather than with the fish of the sea. His successors did not follow his lead, and it took two thousand years for biologists to catch up to Aristotle in this respect.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In physics Aristotle was far less successful than in biology. He accepted the heavenly spheres of Eudoxus and ...

Bottled Water Essay

Water a very important part of our daily lives. We use it for many things but most importantly we drink it. So want it flavor, some want it cold others want it from the bottle some don’t care is long is they get six cups a day. What it comes down to is where we get it from. Do you buy it at a store or do you just use the tap at home. Some reasons why you should buy it are convenience and safety. Tap has it’s positives as well like it is healthier and better for the environment. Here are the arguments for both sides and there counter arguments. Bottled water convenience helps out a lot of people around the world. When we need to get water to a shelter or to a third world country the easiest and best way is bottled water. It is always there and has a good shelf life. It was there to help people from Hurricanes to Blood drives. It is easily transportable and accessible. The convenience of bottled water also helps people more likely to drink water in the amount they need and as a substitute for other drinks like soda. Bottled water is also safer to drink because it is easier to recall if there is something wrong with it. They are always testing and sampling the water and if something is wrong they know what batch is bad and where it went. It is easy to get the water back and ship out safe water to where ever the recall was. In some places bottled water is the only thing safe to drink. When disasters strike or a tap water system is not in place bottled water is the safest thing you can drink. Tap water is a lot healthier for you than bottled water. It is tested more and has more regulations than bottled water. With more regulations the water has less harmful chemicals and therefore more healthier for you. Tap water like bottled water is regulated by the FDA. While they are both regulated by the FDA tap water has more regulations and more testing than bottled water. Being that tap water is distributed to everyone practically free it has to be better regulated for everyone’s well being. Tap water is also better for the environment. This makes it better for you. With less plastic being used there is less toxins and water being produced. People who drink tap water usually just use a metal bottle and re-use it all the time. Tap water does not come in a container of plastic it comes from your faucet. Using a re usable container like glasses pitchers and re-usable water bottles does far less damage to the environment than plastic water bottles. Even though we can re-cycle plastic it doesn’t mean that it is really helps the environment. Most water bottles don’t even get recycled they get tossed in with all the other trash that does not get recycled. One is safer one is healthier. One helps out people in crisis while the other causes less damage to the environment as a whole. Bottled and tap water both have their benefits. Both have there purposes and are beneficial to society. Bottled water is convenient and safe while Tap is better for the environment and healthier. So open the cap or turn on the faucet and drink up. Cause we all need it.

Country Report on Road Safety Initiatives in Malaysia

Country Report on Road Safety Initiatives in MALAYSIA Datuk Suret Singh Director General Road Safety Department Malaysia Basic Information Country : Malaysia ? ? ? ? ? Population: 26. 4 Million in 2006 Square Kilometer: 392876km2 Road Length: 72,400 km No of Registered Vehicles: 15,790,732 Vehicle Kilometer Travelled/year: 337. 8 Billion VKT Malaysia Definition and Data System Definition: ? Fatality: Deaths within 30 days ? Serious: All Required Hospitalization ? Slight Injury: Out Patient or Self Treatment Data System: ? Police DataForm : Standard POL27 Accident Form Database/System: Computerized MAAP System Annual Accident Report availability: Yes ? Hospital Data Injury classification used: AIS retrieval System: Many System used, in process of Standardization Malaysia Safety Target and Management National Safety Target? : ? 2. 0 Deaths/10,000 vehicles by 2010 ? 10 Deaths100,000 population 2020 ? 10 Deaths per Billion VKT by 2020 National Safety Plan? : ? Availability: Yes, National Road Safety Plan 2006-2010 ? strategies : 9 Strategies ? Programs: 52 Programs Availability of Institutional Set-up ? ? ? ?Road Safety Department (2005) MIROS (2007) National Road Safety Council (50 years ago) Annual Budget Allocated for Road Safety Programs Malaysia Road Safety Facts (1996-2006) Year Registered Vehicles Road Length (Km) Number of accidents Death 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 7,686,684 8,550,469 9,141,357 9,929,951 10,589,804 11,302,545 12,068,144 12,868,934 13,801,297 14,816,407 15,790,732 60,734 63,382 63,382 64,981 64,981 64,981 64,981 71,814 71,814 72,400 72,400 189,109 215,632 211,037 223,166 250,417 265,175 279,237 298,651 326,815 328,268 341,252 6,304 6,302 5,740 5,794 6,035 5,849 5,887 6,282 6,228 6,200 6,287Fatality Index Per 10,000 Vehicles 8. 20 7. 37 6. 28 5. 83 5. 70 5. 17 4. 88 4. 88 4. 51 4. 18 3. 98 Per 100,000 Population 29. 8 29. 1 25. 3 25. 5 26. 0 25. 1 25. 3 25. 1 24. 3 23. 7 23. 6 Per Billion VKT 40. 4 36. 3 30. 9 28. 7 28. 0 25. 5 24. 0 24. 0 22. 2 20. 6 Malaysia 19. 6 Key Issues and Challenges Key Problems Identified ? Target Groups: Motorcyclists (53%) Car Occupants (22%) Pedestrians (10%) ? Target Issues: Head Injuries among motorcyclists Un segregated VRUs MalaysiaFatality by Casualty Class Malaysia Strategic Programs and Projects Program Potential % Intervention Coverage Reduction 2007 2008 2009 2010 AES Speed Cameras Redlight Cameras Lane Displine Helmet Program Rear Seat Belts Airbags Driver Training RSE and CBP Mcycle Lanes Blackspots Others 20 20 0 30 20 10 10 10 10 10 10 60 60 20 65 40 20 30 20 20 20 20 100 90 60 100 60 40 50 50 30 30 30 100 90 80 100 80 60 60 80 40 40 40 % 30 40 20 50 30 30 10 20 80 30 20 No of Deaths Expected No. f Fatality Reduction Involved/yr 2007 2008 2009 2010 1400 150 450 1500 350 400 300 400 500 500 350 84 12 0 225 21 12 3 8 40 15 7 427 3. 45 252 36 18 488 42 24 9 16 80 30 14 420 54 54 750 63 48 15 40 120 45 21 420 54 72 750 84 72 18 64 160 60 28 6300 Deaths/1 0,000 Vehicles 1009 1630 1782 2. 94 2. 45 2. 21 Malaysia MIROS0 7One Most Successful Road Safety Intervention Name: Exclusive Motorcycle Lane Program Problem Statement: Rear-End and Side Swipe along High Speed Links Double Low Speed Links Issues Identified: Un-segregated leading to Conflicts among Fast, Un Compatible VRUs and Larger Vehicles Rationale for Intervention: Segregation reduce Conflicts, Risk and Exposures Detailed Intervention Programs: 3m Exclusive Lane fully segregated Impact of Intervention: 39% less Accidents, 83% Less Fatalities, BCR=5 Malaysia

Why Free trade is more important than fair trade The WritePass Journal

Why Free trade is more important than fair trade Introduction Why Free trade is more important than fair trade Introduction1.0 Definition1.1 Free Trade1.2 Fair Trade2.0 The Importance of Free Trade2.1 Gainers2.2 Absolute advantage2.3 Effective use of raw materials2.4 Lesser living cost and more products choice3.2 Losers3.0 The Importance of Fair Trade4.0 Free Trade vs. Fair TradeConclusionReferencesRelated Introduction In a globalized world, very few people would question the benefits of international free trade. Different countries can produce their own products having a comparative advantage, and then exchange with the products produced by other countries. However, in the process of international trade, there will always produce gainers and losers, and thus will always be people complaining about unfair trade. In the global context of the economic crisis, there is a call for further promoting trade liberalization; on other hand some people advocate promotion of fair trade. So, is the pursuit of fair trade more important? Or, is the promotion of the free trade more important? This essay will critically discuss the statement â€Å"Free trade is more important than fair trade.† 1.0 Definition 1.1 Free Trade Free trade is a form of international policy, which local government cannot try to interfere on the operation of foreign import goods, or export goods. (Hill, 2009) This form of international trade policy has been widely spread over the free trade zones nowadays. Since opening the over sea market for the countrys domestic absolute advantages products, it benefits both the trade partners from the long-term economic vision. 1.2 Fair Trade Eisenberg states that â€Å"Fair trade refers to exchanges, the terms of which meet the demands of justice.† (2005) In fact, fair trade has not been defined universally ever. FINE is a charity association, which consists of four divisions. The divisions are international fair trade networks, European Fair Trade Association, World Fair Trade Organization, Fair-trade Labeling Organizations International and Network of European World shops. FINE indicates that fair trade partnership is based on dialogue, transparency and respect; member in this network looks for greater equity in international trade. (European Fair Trade Association, 2009) It contributes to help workers or producers in developing countries, especially in the southern hemisphere, provide a more equitable trading condition and promote sustainability. Fair trade organizations are supported by consumers for supporting producers in undeveloped countries, and making the rules of international trade campaign more equitable. Fair Trade system has many types of goods growing more, which are coffee, cocoa, dried fruit, fruit juice, nuts, vegetable oil, quinine, rice, spices, sugar, tea and Red wine, etc. In order to selling fair trade goods, companies need to apply for licenses to use the fair trade mark. 2.0 The Importance of Free Trade The free trade is a double sword. One side edge carries advantage; another edge carries disadvantage. Therefore, there will be always gainers and losers. 2.1 Gainers The free trade has many benefits, which produce many different gainers in the global market. It prevents interference efficiently of local government on import and export trade; cancel various privileges of the domestic trade. So the importers can gain many benefits from the free trade. Let’s take a look at other gainers. 2.2 Absolute advantage According to Adam Smiths theory, countries can specialize in the production of goods for which they have an absolute advantage that including highly skilled labour, sufficient raw materials and then trade these for goods they produced less-efficiently from other countries. (Hill, 2009) This is a win-win situation, two countries exchanging goods from each other are both gainers. 2.3 Effective use of raw materials Free trade also brings great opportunities for effectively using raw materials. Some countries in the Middle East have rich resources of oil, but there will not be much benefit without trade. For instance, Qatar can gain much benefit from exchanging many goods and technologies with oil. On other hand, some developed countries, such as Japan have very few raw materials. They can gain much oil they need with exchanging technologies; otherwise they would be very poor. 2.4 Lesser living cost and more products choice The citizens are also big gainers from free trade. Free trade system can effectively stop selling products at high prices from local protectionism, which lead lower living cost. Free trade also leads to more products being available in the market. Consumers have more choices on the products in market for different prices and types. Charles W.L. Hill mentioned in the book International business that if a national market is small, there may not be enough demand to enable producers to realize economics of scale for certain products. Accordingly, those products may not be produced, thereby limiting the variety of products available to consumers. (2009) 3.2 Losers Free trade brings great opportunities, also brings great competitions, especially for the developing countries. In the initial stage, many new industries in developing countries are not strong enough to survive from the competition of established industries in developed countries. The local government will introduce some measures in order to protecting local industry. Alexander Hamilton proposed it in 1972. According to the argument, there is a potential comparative advantage in manufacturing in many developing countries.for instance, China owns cheaper labour and raw material costs, and India has big population of highly skilled and knowledgeable employees who can communicate with frequent English. However, at the initial stage, most of their small to medium sized firms in industries are too weak to survive from  Ã‚   brutal competitions of established industries much earlier in international market. The reason is that they do not have strong background for financial subsidies and source which assist them get toehold in the start point. Moreover, it is common phenomenon that firms in those developing countries hardly reach the international standard for high-end products. The argument is if the new industries should necessarily be protected temporarily by incentives until they have become strong enough to competition in free international trade market.ï ¼Ë†Hillï ¼Å' 2009ï ¼â€°For example, if China lets the automobile industries from Germany, Japan and other countries enter the domestic market without trade protection, and then Chinas own auto industries would collapse. So China adopts the import tariffs on imported cars in order to protecting its automobile industry. When the local new industries become strong enough to global market competitiveness, the government should abolish the protective measures established before, otherwise the measures of protection would adversely affect global trade. In fact, canceling the original protection is not an easy; t he negative impact of such measures is to produce local monopoly. 3.0 The Importance of Fair Trade Fair trade is a strategy for sustainable development of economic and poverty reduction in the world. Its goal is to create opportunities for producers from economically disadvantaged countries. It does not only provide fair payments to the producers, but also consider the equal pay according to the principle of equality between the sexes. If the partners of fair traders need payment in advanced in order to surviving in the special situation, fair traders have to ensure matching their demands. Fair traders also need to take responsibilities for avoiding potential health and safety problems for producers. If children are involved in the working environment, fair trader will ensure matching safety and education requirements for them. In the 1960, the largest distribution of the fair trade is to help the countries banned from main global trade market by political issues, to find markets for their products. (Fair Trade Labeling Organizations International, 2009) Nicolas Eberhart in 2005 had the Bolivian case study concerning fair trade coffee as a member of the French non-governmental organizations Agronomes ET Và ©tà ©rinaires sans frontià ¨res. It proved that the fair trade did not only have a positive impact on the local price of coffee in Yungas, but also have the economic benefit to all coffee producers. Meanwhile, fair trade organization could enhance their production and their political influence. (Ebrehart, 2005) The econometric analysis led by Becchetti and Costantion verificated effects of fair trade on farmers of Kenya. The researchers observed a group of farmers with fair trade certification, and another group of farmers without fair trade certification for Comparison. After a period of time, Becchetti and Costantion found that fair trade could improve the living quality of famers, reduce child mortality, improve household food intake, and increase the price of their crops and so on, in either monetary or non-monetary value. Unfortunately, in the methodology, this research had errors for the sample of crops, the relative contribution of fair trade and the choice of the control group. (Becchetti, Costantino, 2006) 4.0 Free Trade vs. Fair Trade Jeffrey Eisenberg states that free trade refers to an international trading policy that aims at openness. (2005) Free trade is a form of international policy, which local government cannot try to interfere on the operation of foreign import goods, or export goods. (Hill, 2009) The Oxfam charity and some economists believe that the foreign suppliers in trade should be paid a fair price, such as the cocoa beans for making chocolate should be bought by higher than market price. This may be the most influential demand for fair trade today. (BHAGWATI, 2010) However, â€Å"fair price (wage)† has been questioned by Jeffrey Eisenberg. Would the price be fair if it was higher? The price can get higher for few workers capturing the jobs; or the price can get lower in order to providing more job opportunities for more workers get paid. Which way is fairer? (Eisenberg, 2005) Ngaire Woods recommends using the protectionism as a part of the preferential system properly in order to helping backward industries in undeveloped countries. In personal opinion, there is possibility that the preferential system or protectionism can make negative impacts on the trade, if they cannot be implemented well. Fair trade is the expression of justice with human emotion. Free trade regard voluntariness as the chief component of justice. (Eisenberg, 2005) Although fair trade is positive activity on many respects, solely advocating fair trade and ignoring the benefit of free trade is really not necessary. Most believe that both free trade and fair trade at least have one thing in common. Worldwide they are concerning justice, poverty alleviation and prosperity. Free trade and fair trade should stopping opposing each other. Fair trade can be an efficient measure of supervision in order to improving free trade system. Because of there are still many gaps and loopholes in free trade system. For instance, the international rules are generated by trade negotiations, primarily for the rich countries, while the market is closed for the main export products in poorer countries, such as agriculture. (Woods, 2005) So, is the pursuit of fair trade more important? Or, is the promotion of the free trade more important? Answer is free trade is more important than fair trade for global economic development. Conclusion Free trade is a form of international policy, which local government cannot try to interfere on the operation of foreign import goods, or export goods. (Hill, 2009) The free trade has many benefits, such as producing lesser living cost and more products choice; bringing opportunity for exchanging with absolute advantage and effective use of raw materials. Fair trade is a strategy for sustainable development of economic and poverty reduction in the world. Its goal is to create opportunities for producers from economically disadvantaged countries. For global economic development, free trade is more important. However, fair trade and free trade have one thing in common, which concern with global justice, poverty alleviation and global prosperity. Moreover, fair trade can be an efficient measure of supervision in order to improving free trade system. References Charles W.L. Hill, (2009), International Business, 7th Edition, Chapter 5, 6, McGraw-Hill Irwin Charles W.L. Hill, (2009), International Business Competing in the Global Marketplace, 6th Edition, Chapter 5, 6, McGraw-Hill Irwin Eberhart, N. (2005). http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fair_trade L. Becchetti, M. Costantino (2006). http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fair_trade European Fair Trade Association. (2009). Fair Trade Labelling Organizations International (2009). Global Fairtrade sales increase yearly by 22%. economist.com/debate/days/view/508 globalenvision.org/library/15/834

15 Tips for Getting Hired After the College Graduation

15 Tips for Getting Hired After the College Graduation You’re in a brave new world and searching to get a handle on getting hired after the college graduation. Let’s take a look at 15 tips you’ll be incredibly glad you came across. #1 Job Search Begins on Day 1 If you don’t have a job, then getting one is your job. What’s college for? Getting a job, which is reality means making money. The vast majority of college students are betting (with some serious leverage) on the idea that their education is going to equal a good job down the road. You should start looking for your ideal career on the first day of your freshmen year. Every move you make should be towards that goal. If you don’t know what the goal is, then you should put college off for a year and†¦get a job. Start looking right now. Heres the list of the best summer jobs which can be a good start if you need money right away. #2 Create on Online Presence If you do not have an online presence, even a free ultra-amateurish one, then get on it. No, you do not have to invest tons of time. Simply set up a free blog and a Facebook page. Start there. Online you’re connected to everyone and everything. At this point you need to have one, and being able to network online is a valuable asset. #3 Show Off Your Stuff Don’t be coy, but don’t be ridiculous either. There’s no time to waste. It’s like missing the opportunity to meet an amazing person because you were shy. Life’s too short. Make your move and let your skills sell themselves. #4 Pursue Internship with Clarity Internships are both incredibly worthwhile and hyper-competitive in most cases. Don’t wallow in misery for a year hoping for that ideal internship. Give it your best efforts, but know when to cash in your chips for more readily available career paths. #5 Apply Selectively Don’t shotgun your approach to job applications. Do your homework and only apply to those positions or companies who you can be of the best service to. #6 Hire a Freelancer to Create Your Resume Don’t even think about winging either your hard or soft copy resume. It’s almost an absolute waste of time and you’ll be burning bridges as you go. Instead, spend maybe $50-$100 to get help with your resume from a professional writer. Ideally, one who specializes in writing resumes for your specific career goals (nurses, lawyers, acupuncturists etc.). #7 You’re Always Networking 100% of the time, if you’re awake and breathing you’re networking. It’s a part of life. The difference is that once you’re aware of that, you can then better position yourself to benefit from it. #8 Fix Your Attitude First If you’re life’s not going so well and the job hunt is leaving you empty-handed, the first things you probably need to fix are your attitude and disposition. #9 Come Prepared Don’t show up unprepared if the destination could present potential networking opportunities. Furthermore, if you go to an interview, know everything there is to know so that you’re more likely to impress. #10 Develop a Personal Brand No matter who you are, or what you studied, there are probably lots of people with this knowledge. The ONLY thing that really sets you apart from other candidates is you. #11 Aim for Experience (Wisdom) If you’re alive and above water, then aim for the experience jobs or positions can give you. Not the pay. In today’s world results and experience are worth 100 x what a diploma or degree is worth on the open job market. #12 Sport an Entrepreneurial Mindset It’s an era of the entrepreneur. It really is! The #1 rule of the entrepreneurial mindset is that behind every problem or dilemma is an opportunity. The trick is being able to spot opportunity and needs, and then taking action. #13 Compile an Asset List Sit down and figure out everything you have to offer the world. Write it all down, each thing, no matter how simple. You’ll find that your education and the small amount of things you thought were your only assets, are only a small portion. #14 Optimize Your Efficiency Remember the 80/20 rule. 20% of what you do every day is responsible for 80% of the results you experience. Do you have free time? What else can you be doing? What can you do more of in less time? #15 Throw Conventional Approaches Out the Window Not altogether, just recognize that due to powerful technological and socioeconomic reasons, everything is changing. This includes not only how people look for work, but how they get hired. Use everything at your disposal because in the real world getting ahead is hard. So, how about it, would you alter this list or add to it in anyway? What other tips would you give to the grads that could really use a solid paycheck and a rewarding career?

Amazing Grace Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Amazing Grace - Essay Example Ideology is the beliefs, values and ideals of a certain group of people. Beliefs often tie in closely with the daily concerns of domestic life, such as making a living, health and sickness, happiness and sadness, interpersonal relationships, and death; values tell them the differences between right and wrong or good and bad while deals serve as models for what people hope to achieve in life (Bodley 1). Religion is under man’s belief. It never fails to give man something that he can cling on to, a divine power which somehow renews his spirit amidst all the cruelty and ugliness of reality. This story of faith is very evident in the book, depicting the people’s awe-inspiring belief in God in every person’s life. The Church in this story was the only symbol of something beautiful – free from gun shots and decay – embracing them and keeping them away from the hardships and darkness that society brings them. People are still somehow drawn to the church be cause it is a place of escape and hope for something better. Kozol talked to Reverend Overland, a lady who gave up her promising career as a lawyer just to help and educate these unfortunate souls, said that I her observations, the people in Bronx are â€Å"more religious than those across the river. They are too concerned with money and power to worry about faith". This revelation is contrary to the white ideas that there could be no one more morally right that we. The strong grip on faith that this society has helps the children keep some light in their eyes, the mothers with some hope for the future, and the drug dealers with some hope of forgiveness (Miller 1). Religion and people’s belief and faith in the divine somehow was one of the â€Å"life-support systems† that this people have as enforced by individuals such as Reverend Overland. Religion has obviously helped the people cope up as they difficultly live each

Airbus-From Challenger to Leader Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Airbus-From Challenger to Leader - Essay Example According to Subhadra (2003), the aerospace industry is broadly divided into three categories: space programs, defense contracts, and commercial aircraft. The main players in the commercial market include Boeing and Airbus Industrie (Airbus). The major threat to aerospace industry in today’s world is terrorism (Wensveen and Wells, 2007). Most airlines went bankrupt and filed for bankruptcy after the September 2001 terrorist attack. This led to decline to the world’s air passenger traffic. Another problem was that Boeing accused Airbus of choosing to use heavy price cutting in order to beat off the competition. The other problem was that they were also accused by rival Boeing of manufacturing aircrafts that it had not received orders for thereby creating a glut in the market. Furthermore, in the early 1980s Airbus was faced with financial hardships for the A-320 project. This was attributed to the fact that the government of Airbus’ partners had not approved the program. Secondly, when Airbus actually wanted to bring in more partners, no new partner was willing to invest money due to uncertain financial health of the consortium (Subhadra, 2003). Thirdly, problem regarding the products already in the market was that the consortium had not yet made money on them. Another negative feature of Airbus was its slow decision-making process and lastly, the global economic crisis, which also affected the aviation industry. To overcome its problems, Airbus uses computer software to develop its products. To alleviate slow decision-making process, the firm encouraged good cooperation among partners with manufacturing plants spread allover Europe. Since the partners were reluctant to invest due to uncertain financial health of the consortium, in early 1998, the Airbus partners re-commenced discussions on revamping the organizational structure of the consortium. Lastly, before initiating the production of a new

Theories Of Drug Abuse Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Theories Of Drug Abuse - Research Paper Example The strain/ anomie theory explains that people resort to drug abuse when they fail to achieve success in society. The society is competitive and achievement-oriented and those who fail to succeed come up with unusual mechanisms to handle failure. When these mechanisms also fail, they resort to drug abuse. The social control theory explains that individuals get involved in drug abuse because of lack of societal rules encouraging conventionality. If these rules are weak, individuals will adopt unconventional behavior including drug abuse. Greater involvement in conventional activities reduces the likelihood of involvement in activities like drug abuse. The self-control theory suggests that individuals abuse drugs because of lack of self-control, caused by the inability of the society or parents to control the behavior of their children. People abuse drugs because there is no custodian to stop them (Kaplan, Martin and Robbins, 1984). The social learning theory suggests that people learn good or bad behavior depending on the groups they interact with. Interacting with groups that reward and reinforce drug use leads to adoption of the behavior. The subcultural theory explains that interacting with social groups that encourage drug use leads to an individual’s adoption of the habit while the individual gets discouraged from the habit by interacting with groups that discourage drug use (Hanson, Venturelli and Fleckenstein, 2011). Selective interaction theory suggests that individuals are attracted to particular drug using groups because their principles and beliefs are harmonious with those of drug users. The conflict theory explains that drug abuse is related to the power and social class of individuals. The rich and powerful individuals are less likely to be involved in drug use than the lower class and low-earning individuals. The poor resort to selling drugs as a source of livelihood. Drug dealing flouris hes in poor communities (Mooney,

Literature Review of Pain Assessment Tools

Literature Review of Pain Assessment Tools Introduction This essay will identify the issue of poorly addressed acute pain in hospitalized patients and critically compare and discusses a range of pain assessment tools referring to contemporary research literature and practice guidelines for patients who are able to self describe their pain and who are unable to self describe their pain due to verbal communication barriers, critical illness or delirium/dementia. Main Body According to the International Association for the Study of Pain, pain is an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience arising from actual or potential tissue damage (1). Clinically, â€Å"Pain is whatever the experiencing person says it is, existing whenever he/she says it does† (McCaffery, 1968). The temporal profile classification is most commonly used to classify pain.This broad classification of pain duration is often used to better understand the biopsychosocial aspects that may be important when conducting assessment and treatment. For example, many times chronic pain is a result of unresolved acute pain episodes, resulting in accumulative biopsychosocial effects such as prolonged physical reconditioning, anxiety, and stress. It is obvious that this type of time categorization information can be extremely helpful in directing specific treatment approaches to the type of pain that is being evaluated (Gatchel Oordt, 2003). Acute pain is usually indicative of tissue damage and is characterized by momentary intense noxious sensations (i.e., nociception). It serves as an important biological signal of potential tissue/ physical harm. Some anxiety may initially be precipitated, but prolonged physical and emotional distress usually is not. Indeed, anxiety, if mild, can be quite adaptive in that it stimulates behaviors needed for recovery, such as the seeking of medical attention, rest, and removal from the potentially harmful situation. As the nociception decreases, acute pain usually subsides. Unlike acute pain, chronic pain persists. Chronic pain is traditionally defined as pain that lasts 6 months or longer, well past the normal healing period one would expect for its protective biological function. Arthritis, back injuries, and cancer can produce chronic-pain syndromes and, as the pain persists, it is often accompanied by emotional distress, such as depression, anger, and frustration. Such pain can also often significantly interfere with activities of daily living. There is much more health care utilization in an attempt to find some relief from the pain symptoms, and the pain has a tendency to become a preoccupation of an individuals everyday living. According to Buckley (2000) nurses are the primary group of health care professionals responsible for the ongoing assessment and monitoring of patients to ensure that pain is effectively and appropriately managed and that patients and families are informed of the consequences of acute pain. Assessment of pain can be a simple and straightforward task when dealing with acute pain and pain as a symptom of trauma or disease. Assessment of location and intensity of pain often sufà ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ces in clinical practice. However, other important aspects of acute pain, in addition to pain intensity at rest, need to be deà ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ned and measured when clinical trials of acute pain treatment are planned. If not, meaningless data and false conclusions may result. The 5 key components: Words, Intensity, Location, Duration, Aggravating factors pain assessment are incorporated into the process. Objective data are collected by using one of the pain assessment tools which are specià ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ c to s pecial types of pain. The main issues in choosing the tool are its reliability and its validity. Moreover, the tool must be clear and, therefore, easily understood by the client, and require little effort from the client and the nurse. According to Husband (2001) to measure the pain severity or intensity, several scales can be used such as a numeric rating scale (NRS), the visual analog scale (VAS), observation scales with indicators of pain, and even creative depictions of pain intensity with scale using a pain thermometer. The numeric rating scale allows patients to rate their pain on and 11-point scale of 0 (no pain) to 10 (worst pain imaginable). The majority of patients, even older adults can use this scale. The thermometer scale may be useful in the elderly, according to Rakel and Herr (2004). It shows a picture of a thermometer arranged on a background with a vertical word scale. Finally categoric scales use verbal descriptors to quantify the level of pain and those scales have been validated and are considered to be reliable. Chronic pain has a major impact on physical, emotional, and cognitive function, on social and family life, and on the ability to work and secure an income. Meaningful assessment of long-lasting pain is therefore a more demanding task than assessing acute pain. This is true both in clinical practice and when conducting trials of management of long-lasting pain. A comprehensive assessment of any chronic complex pain condition requires documenting (i) pain history, (ii) physical examination, and (iii) specià ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ c diagnostic tests. Chronic pain assessment tools are the Brief Pain Inventory (BPI), which assesses pain severity and the degree of interference with function, using 0 – 10 NRS, and the McGill Pain Questionnaire (MPQ) and the short-form MPQ (SF-MPQ) evaluate sensory, affective–emotional, evaluative, and temporal aspects of the patient’s pain condition. Pain assessment in older adults can be challenging and very difficult in some situations (Rakel Herr, 2004). When the patient cannot report his/her subjective pain experience, proxy measurements of pain must be used, such as pain behaviours and reactions that may indicate that the person is suffering painful experiences. Besides communication difà ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ culties caused by language problems, patients in the extremes of age, and critically ill patients in the intensive care setting, are common assessment problems. Older patients may prefer to use alternate means to express their pain through the use of word descriptors that best characterize the pain, such as aching, hurting, and soreness (Herr Garand, 2001). Significant challenges occur when assessing patients who are unable to communicate verbally, in writing, or by gestures, or when they are cognitively impaired. Pain assessment should be ongoing at regular intervals, individualised and documented clearly to facilitate treatment and communication among health care clinicians. Conclusion In conclusion, adequate assessment of pain, using validated tools appropriate to the population or individual, is an essential prerequisite of successful pain management. It has been shown in many countries that inadequate pain assessment is common, with resultant failings in management of pain. Inadequate pain control can prolong the recovery period, increase length of stay, and increase overall health care costs ( Shang Gan, 2003) Only by regularly assessing and measuring pain, as routinely as the other vital signs, can we hope to make pain visible enough to those caring for patients and thus improve management. This is especially true for the patients that anaesthetists care for every day, those with acute pain after surgery, trauma, and in the intensive care unit.

Shakespeares The Tempest as a Microcosm of Society Essay -- Shakespea

The Tempest as Microcosm of Society      Ã‚  Ã‚   The Tempest is one of Shakespeare's most universal plays and, not coincidentally, is very much concerned with human behavior and emotion. As John Wilders observes in The Lost Garden, â€Å"Prospero’s island is what the sociologists call a ‘model’ of human society. Its cast of characters allows Shakespeare to portray in microcosm nearly all the basic, fundamental social relationships: those of a ruler to his territory, a governor to his subjects, a father to his child, masters to servants, male to female, and the rational to the irrational within the human microcosm itself" ([London: Macmillan Press Ltd., 1978], 127). Prospero himself is an observer of and experimenter with human behavior: he saw human nature at its worst when his brother usurped his dukedom and sent Prospero and Miranda off to almost certain death; he has tried to nurture Caliban’s human half and to teach the monster acceptable human conduct; he demonstrates a working knowledge of reverse psychology when he maneuvers his daughter into love with Ferdinand; and, finally, he examines his own behavior and emotions in relation to his enemies, relatives, and friends. Prospero and the play ask two questions: Is behavior such an Antonio's the basic nature of human beings; and, if so, can nurture improve upon nature? In modern terms, the play struggles with the ever-present debate over the impact of heredity and environment. His first observations--of Antonio's and Alonso’s treachery--were inadvertent and even unexpected; however, they prompted Prospero to shift the focus of his studies from â€Å"the liberal arts† to human behavior. Prospero has devoted himself to gaining knowledge and, as he admits to Miranda, neglected h... ...â€Å"the Ariel and the Caliban of which his own—and our—nature consists† (Wilders, New Prefaces to Shakespeare, 273); he has found the answer to the dilemma of nature vs. nurture in his own psyche, and with this knowledge he returns to the human society of Milan a more balanced, more complete human being than when he left it.    Works Cited and Consulted Hirst, David L. The Tempest: Text and Performance London: Macmillan Publishers Ltd., 1984. Rowman and Littlefield: Manchester University Press, 1980. Shakespeare, William   Measure for Measure 3.1.148 The Riverside Shakespeare, ed. G. Blakemore Evans Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1974. Callaghan, Dympna William Shakespeare Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1986. Wilders, John The Lost Garden London: Macmillan Press Ltd., 1978. Wilders, New Prefaces to Shakespeare Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1988.

Internet Security Essay

The key techniques to the most affordable website security would be the casual features of the website for the purpose of safeguarding the website content and the transactions that are to be made for fulfilling the ecommerce objectives of the website. The following can be credited to the diverse ways to secure the website and customer information for the â€Å"Grandmas Treats† website: Web content security: It forms the greater part of the security as they are aimed at non-representation or illegal presentation of false content that a user is not expected to see. The term cross site scripting (or XSS) is often used in conjunction with the web content and links that are to be secured for a website. Acunetix (2007) own product Acunetix Web Vulnerability Scanner is easily downloadable and comes free. Using that one could scan their website for any such flaws. Directory traversal attacks: The directory traversal attacks are quite common where the links are traversed to a very different path where the information flows to the hackers. It is due to the malfunction of the codes at the client and server sides. The code efficiency and link path requires to be checked periodically so that one is able to redesign and test the system for any malfunction. SQL injection: It is another method where intruders are capable to draw information from one website using SQL languages to illegally fetch customer’s data for obtaining their financial information or to manipulate information for wrong use. The website must be checked periodically for such incidents and must also make sure that customer records are encrypted using 128 bit security layers at the database side. The database security must be checked for getting sure that no such activity is evident. The customer’s financial information would be encrypted to hide it from easy access from hackers. E-commerce transactions security: The use of SSL 3. 0 makes sure that all vulnerabilities regarding the tapping of information so that ones purchases are safe in all respects. The use of this protocol makes sure that a secured channel is followed for communication between the client communicating clients. The use of Transport Layer Security (TLS) is important and can be enabled for any website for securing the communication to the communicating clients. IETF (2007) explains that TLS composes of point to point authentication techniques and communications privacy over the internet strengthening the encryption. 1. Web server checks and database security checks: The periodic checks are done to put a check on performance of the website and database usage. All the relevant links and database security is checked for overall assurance. 2. Database backup: The database backup plans must be devised accordingly for keeping the records safe to protect against unforeseen disasters (Navathe, 2002). These simple tips would be helpful for the website to take care of the affordable needs for security and customer data protection so that one is able to safely carry out transactions over the internet. References Acunetix (2007). Web Site Security Center: Check & Implement Web Site Security. Retrieved 16, December 2007 from http://www.acunetix.com/websitesecurity/

The Thoughtful Forecaster

Becoming a thoughtful forecaster is important to the development of any company today. Understanding the financial aspects of your company can be the deal-breaking point of whether your company is a successful one or not. In the case, â€Å"The Thoughtful Forecaster†, we learn that sometimes you are right and sometimes you are wrong, which is partially due to one’s bias. We also learn that being a thoughtful forecaster involves trial and era. It isn’t easy but throughout the processes you start to understand the financial relationships within your business.The financial statements provide information needed in order to make a proper analysis and provides you with the historical strengths and weaknesses of your business. The income statement, also known as the â€Å"profit-and-loss statement†, is utilized to measure the flow of cost, revenue, and profits over a period of time. The balance sheet gives an over view of business investments and the financing in a particular time. Together these two statements can give a thorough outlook of the business’s performance and a better understanding of the mechanics that make up the business operations.Interpreting and utilizing financial ratios is an important way to evolve into a successful financial forecaster. Examining a business’s performance includes: growth rates, margins, turnover, and return on investments. Growth rates capture the year-on-year change in percentage of a particular line item. It can be separated into two growth measures: unit growth and price growth. Unit growth is the growth of revenue due to an increase in units sold. Price growth is the growth revenue due to an increase in the price of each unit.Margin ratios are the percentages of revenue that has not been consumed by any business costs. Margins also measure the cost structure of the business which includes important definitions/ratios. These are: gross margin, operating margin, and net profit margin. Turnover ratios are used to measure productivity, or efficiency, of business assets. It is created by dividing a measure of volume from the income statement by a measure of investment from the balance sheet.There are several measures of turnover and they include: receivable turnover, inventory turnover, PPE turnover, asset turnover, total capital turnover, and payable turnover. An alternative form of measuring the asset productivity is in â€Å"days†, which takes the investment amount divided by the volume, which is then multiplied by 365 days. The resulting number is the average number of days in a year that an investment item is held by the business. Return on investments (ROI), is the profit generated per dollar of investment and the measure for calculating return on investments.This measure includes: pretax return on assets, return on capital (ROC), and return on equity (ROE). Financial ratios are useful in forecasting financial statements because they show the relationsh ips across financial-statement line items of the past. The financial models can be helpful in identifying the impact of assumptions on the forecast. Most financial models are composed in excel through a spreadsheet. By doing this it makes it easier to see the assumptions for the different forecast scenarios but it is also used to correct any of the assumptions that were inaccurately made.The forecasting process should go hand-in-hand with the constant economic changes and you should take into consideration the industry and economy wide pressures it endures. These pressures include: inflation, price-growth assumptions, and any economic recessions. Industry reality should also be taken into place and here you should consider business profitability and follow the guidelines that qualify a business to have higher or lower profitability. Having a high profitability does not always mean a high performance.It is important to recognize that the strategy of competitors do not stand still, an d your forecasting should be adjusted when needed according to aggressive competition. Two elements that become a problem in business forecasting are optimism bias and overconfidence bias. Optimism bias is stated as a systematic positive error in the expected value of an unknown quantity. Overconfidence bias is a systematic negative error in the expected variance of an unknown quantity. It is a difficult task but it is important to have an unbiased outlook for the forecast, which is done by having estimated high-side and a low-side scenarios.When forecasting the financial statements of the Maytag Corporation for the end of 2004, the company’s annual report provided me information from the income statement and the balance sheet from the previous two years. On there is calculations and a variety of ratios including the sales growth to return on assets. The ratio analysis gives us a sense of the trends in the business performance. Next it shows that a thoughtful forecaster would need to make assumptions into the future.Although these aren’t completely accurate, they can give us a clearer more centralized view of the analysis. With the qualitative/quantitative research and the historical data that was given we can assume the company will maintain its position in a declining industry. An increased entry of foreign competition will lead to zero sales growth for Maytag in 2004. Although all the events of 2004 cannot be predicted with the guidance and use of thoughtful analysis, we can conclude a reasonable and unbiased expectation of future performance has been represented.