Improving Ethical and Legal Levels of Counseling Essay Example

Improving Ethical and Legal Levels of Counseling Essay Ethical motives is by and large defined as a philosophical subject that is concerned with human conduced and moral determination devising ( Van Hoose, 1985 ) . Ethical motives are normative in nature and concentrate on rules and criterions that govern relationship between persons, such as those between counsellors and clients. Morality, nevertheless, involves judgement or rating of action. It is associated with such words as good, bad, right, incorrect ought, and should ( allow, 1992 ) . Counselors have ethical motives, and the theories counsellors employ have embedded within them moral presuppositions about human nature that explicitly and implicitly inquiry foremost What is a individual and second, what should a individual be or go? ( Christopher, 1996 ) We will write a custom essay sample on Improving Ethical and Legal Levels of Counseling specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Improving Ethical and Legal Levels of Counseling specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Improving Ethical and Legal Levels of Counseling specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer For bettering the ethical and legal degree of guidance, foremost, the counsellor needs to understand what the word ethical agencies. Before the first guidance session, the counsellor should recognize how of import about doing good professional determinations that are both moralss and legal while being helpful to his or her clients. Harmonizing to the Webster s New World Dictionary ( 1980 ) , it means 1. holding to make with moralss ; or of conforming to moral criterions, 2. conforming to professional criterions of behavior . Notice that these two definitions are clearly different. This first is a personal phenomenon that is, what is moral is decide most frequently by persons. In contrast, the 2nd encompasses behaviours that are considered ethical by some professional group. In the mental wellness profession, that group could be the American Counseling Association ( ACA ) , or the American Psychological ( APA ) , merely to call a few. The development of codifications of moralss for counsellors The first guidance codification of moralss was developed by the American Counseling Association ( ACA ) ( Then the American Personnel and Guidance Association, or APGA ) based on the original American Psychological Association codification of moralss ( Allen, 1986 ) . The initial ACA codification was initiated by Donald Super and approved in 1961 ( Callis A ; Pope, 1982 ) . It has been revised sporadically since that clip. The ACA besides produces A Practitioner s Guide to Ethical Decision Making, picture conferences on deciding leading-edge ethical quandary ( Salo A ; Hamilton, 1996 ) , and an Ethical Standards Casebook ( Herlihy A ; Corey, 1996 ) . The ACA s latest moralss codification is entailed a Code of Ethics and Standards of Practice. This codification is one of the major marks that reding has developed into a mature subject because professions are characterized, among other things, by a claim to specialized cognition and a codification of moralss. In the CAC, moralss criterions are arranged under topical sectional headers. They contain material similar to that found in many other ethical codifications, yet they are alone to the profession of guidance. Following the Guideline for Acting Ethically For bettering the higher degree of the moralss of guidance, the counsellors should follow guideline for moving ethically. Swanson ( 1983 ) lists guidelines for measuring whither counsellors act in ethically responsible ways. The first is personal and professional honest. Counselors need to run openly with themselves and those with whom they work. Hidden agendas or unacknowledged feelings hinder relationship and topographic point counsellors on rickety ethical land. One manner to get the better of personal and professional honest jobs that may acquire in the manner of moving ethically is to have supervising ( Kitchener, 1994 ) . The 2nd guideline is moving in the best involvement of clients. This ideal is easier to discourse than achieve. At times, a counsellor may enforce personal values on client and disregard what they truly want ( Gladding A ; Hool, 1974 ) . At other times, a counsellor may neglect to acknowledge an exigency and excessively readily accept the thought that the client s best involvement is served by making nil. The 3rd guideline is that counsellors act without maliciousness or personal addition. Some clients are hard to wish or cover with, and it is win these persons that counsellors must be particularly careful. However, counsellors must be careful to avoid relationships with sympathetic clients either on a individual or professional footing. Mistakes in judgement are most likely to happen when the counsellor s self-interest becomes a portion of the relationship with a client ( Germaine, 1993 ) . The concluding guideline is whether counsellors can warrant an action as the best judgement of what should be done based upon the current province of the profession ( Swanson, 1983 ) . To do such a determination, counsellors must maintain up with current tendencies by reading the professional literature ; go toing in-service workshops and conventions, and going actively involved in local, province, and national guidance activities. The ACA Ethical Standards Casebook ( Herlihy A ; Corey, 1996 ) contains illustrations in which counsellors are presented with issues and instance surveies of questionable ethical state of affairss and given both guidelines and inquiries to reflect on in make up ones minding what an ethical response would be. Each state of affairs involves a criterion of the ethical codification. Equally helpful as the casebook may be, in many guidance state of affairss the proper behaviour is non obvious ( Gladding, 2001 ) . For illustration, the inquiry of confidentiality in equilibrating the single rights of a individual with AIDS and society s right to be protected from the spread of the disease in one with which some counsellors struggle. Likewise, there are multiple ethical quandary in reding grownup subsisters about what to make in a given state of affairs, it is important for counsellors to concern and talk over state of affairss with co-workers, in add-on to utilizing rules, guidelines, cas ebooks, and professional codifications of moralss. Counselor Competence and Referral The ACA Code of Ethics ( 1995 ) clearly states that Counselors must pattern merely within the boundaries of their competency, based on their instruction, preparation, supervised experience, province and national professional certificates, and appropriate professional experience . The APA Ethical Principles ( 1992 ) makes a similar statement and adds that: Psychologists provide services, Teach, or behavior research in new country or affecting new techniques merely after first set abouting appropriate survey, preparation, supervising, and audience from individual who are competent in those countries or techniques. The ethical criterions are rather clear sing what a counsellor should make if he is non competent to handle a certain client job. His first and best pick is to do an appropriate referral. If there is no 1 to whom he can mention ( which would be an exclusion instead than a common happening ) , so it is incumbent on he to educate himself through reading books and journal articles on the presenting job and to seek supervising of his work with the client. The counsellor has the duty for the public assistance of the client ; hence, it is his professional responsibility to obtain for that client the best services possible be it from him or from a professional co-worker. Clients are non topics for your test and mistake acquisition but merit the best professional attention possible. One of counsellors duties is to acknowledge his or her strengths and failings and to offer services merely in the countries of his or her strengths. Specifying a counsellor s countries of constituent normally involves critical and honest introspection. Naming this subjective constituent an internal position, Robinson and Cross cautiousness counsellors to make everything possible to derive the accomplishments and cognition based to the profession. Counselors need to stretch their accomplishments continually by reading and go toing to new and developing tendencies, through achieving postgraduate instruction, and through go toing seminars and workshops aimed at sharpening and increasing both cognition and accomplishment bases. All counsellors must take full duty for adhering to professional codifications of behavior that address the constructs of proper representation of professional makings, for supplying merely those services for which they have been trained, and for seeking aid with personal issues that are barriers to supplying effectual service. Regardless of the country of the country of service being discussed, counsellors are the first-line justice of their professional competency. Although credentialing organic structures, professional organisations, and province legislative assemblies may put criterions for pattern, the counsellor must be the most critical judge of his or her ability to supply services. This frequently becomes rather a challenge when 1 s life dependants on holding clients who will pay for service. In fact, the ethical is non ever the easy pick. Bettering Ethical motives Decisions Making in Reding The doing moralss determination is the important key for accomplishing a higher degree of the moralss of reding. Ethical motives determination devising is frequently non easy yet is a portion of being a counsellor. It requires virtuousnesss such as character, unity, and moral bravery every bit good as cognition ( Welfel, 1998 ) . Some counsellors operate from personal ethical criterions without respect to the ethical guidelines developed by professional guidance associations. They normally function good until faced with a quandary for which there is no evident good or best solution ( Swanson, 1983 ) . At such times, ethical issues originate and these counsellors experience anxiousness, uncertainty, vacillation, and confusion in finding their behavior. Unfortunately, when they act, their behaviour may turn out to be unethical because it is non grounded in any ethical codification. The research workers found five types of ethical quandary most prevailing among the university counsellors they surveys there: a. confidentiality, b. function struggle, c. counsellor competency, d. struggles with employer or establishment, and e. grade of dangerousness. The situational quandary that involved danger were the least hard to decide and those that dealt with counsellor competency and confidentiality were the most hard. The surprising determination of this survey, nevertheless, was that less than over-third of the respondents indicated that they relied on published professional codifications of moralss in deciding quandary. Alternatively, most used common sense, a scheme that at times may be professionally unethical and at best unwise. It is in such types of state of affairss that need to be cognizant of resources for ethical determination devising, particularly when inquiries arise over controversial behaviours such as puting or roll uping fees or carry oning double relationships ( Gibson A ; Pope, 1993 ) . Ethical logical thinking, the procedure of finding which ethical rules are involved and so prioritising them based on the professional demands and beliefs, is besides important ( Lanning, 1992 ) . In doing ethical determinations, counsellors should take actions based on careful, brooding idea about responses they think are professionally right in peculiar state of affairss ( Tennyson A ; Strom, 1992 ) . Several ethical rules relate to the actives and ethical picks of counsellors: Beneficence ( making good and forestalling injury ) , Non malfeasance ( non bring downing injury ) , Autonomy ( esteeming freedom of pick and self-government ) , Justice ( equity ) , and Fidelity ( fidelity or honouring commandments ) ( Herlihy, 1996 ) . All these rules involve witting determination devising by counsellors throughout the guidance procedure. Of these rules, some experts identify non malfeasance as the primary ethical duty in the field of reding. Non malfeasance non merely involves the remotion of present injury but the bar of future injury and inactive turning away of injury . It is the footing on which counsellors respond to clients who may jeopardize themselves or others and why they respond to co-workers unethical behaviour. Educating Counselors in Ethical Decision Making Ethical can be bettering in many ways, but one of the round is through class offering that are now required in most alumnus guidance plans and available for go oning instruction recognition. Such classs can convey about important attitudinal alterations in pupils and practising professionals, damage, and multiculturalism ( Coll, 1993 ) . Because ethical attitudinal alterations are related to ethical behavioural alterations, classs in moralss on any degree are highly valuable. Van Hoose ( 1979 ) conceptualizes the ethical behaviour of counsellors in footings of a five-stage developmental continuum of logical thinking: Punishment orientation. At this phase the counsellor believes external societal criterions are the footing for judging behaviour. If clients or counsellors violate a social regulation, they should be punished. Institutional orientation. Counselors who operate at this phase believe in and stay by the regulations of the establishments for which they work. They do non oppugn the regulations and establish their determinations on them. Social orientation. Counselors at this phase base determinations on social criterions. If a inquiry arises about whether the demands of society or an person should come foremost, the demands of society are ever given precedence. Individual orientation. The person s demands receive top precedence at this phase. Counselors are cognizant of society demands and are concerned about the jurisprudence, but they focus on what is best for the person. Principle ( scruples ) orientation. In this phase concern for the person is primary. Ethical determinations are based on internalized ethical criterions, non external considerations. As Welfel and Lipsitz ( 1983 ) point out, the work of Van Hoose and Paradise is particularly of import because it is the first conceptual theoretical account in the literature that attempts to explicate how counsellors ground about ethical issues . It is heuristic ( i.e. , research able or unfastened to research ) and can organize the footing gor empirical surveies of publicity of ethical behaviour. Several other theoretical accounts have been proposed for educating counsellors in ethical determination devising. Based on Gumaer and Scott ( 1985 ) , for case, offer a method for developing group workers based on the ethical guidelines of the association for specializers in group work. This method uses instance sketchs and Carkhuff s three-goal, theoretical account of assisting: self-expectation, self-understanding, and action. Kicherner ( 1986 ) proposes an incorporate theoretical account of ends and constituents for an ethics instruction course of study based on research on the psychological procedures underlying moral behaviour and current thought in applied moralss. Her course of study includes counsellors to ethical issues, bettering their abilities to do ethical judgements, encourage responsible ethical actions and digesting the ambiguity of ethical determination devising ( Kitchener, 1986 ) . Her theoretical account and one proposed are process oriented and presume that co unsellors do non larn to do ethical determinations on their ain. Pelsma and Borgers ( 1986 ) peculiarly stress the how every bit opposed to what of moralss that is, how to ground ethically in a invariably altering field. Other practician usher for doing ethical determinations are a seven-step determination doing theoretical accounts based on a synthesis of the professional literature, a nine-step ethical decision-making theoretical accounts follow based on critical-evaluative judgements and seven other theoretical accounts created between 1984 and 1998 ( cottone A ; Claus, 2000 ) . These ethical decision-making theoretical accounts follow expressed stairss or phases and are frequently used for specific countries of reding pattern. However, through empirical comparings and continued duologue, the effectivity of the theoretical accounts may be validated. In add-on to the theoretical accounts already mentioned the ACA Ethics Committee offers a assortment of educational experience. For illustration, members of the commission offer larning institutes at national and regional ACA conferences. In add-on, they publish articles in the ACA newssheet. Finally, to advance guidance patterns, the commission through ACA publishes a type counsellor s usher entitled: What you should cognize about the ethical pattern of professional counsellors, which is on the ACA web site every bit good as printed ( Williams A ; Freeman, 2002 ) . Focus on Clients Rights When clients enter a guidance relationship, they have a right to presume that you are competent. In add-on, they have certain rights, known as client rights, every bit good as duties. These rights have their foundation in the Bill of Rights, peculiarly the first and 4th amendment of the fundamental law of the United States, which are freedom of faith, address, and the imperativeness and right of request and freedom from unreasonable hunts and ictuss, severally. The construct of confidentiality, privileged communicating, and informed consent are based on the 4th amendment, which guarantees privateness. Privacy has been defined as the freedom of persons to take for themselves the clip and the fortunes under which and the extent to which their beliefs, behaviours, and sentiments are to be shared or withheld from others ( Corey et al. , 1988 ) . Bettering Confidentiality and Privileged Communications The construct of privateness is the foundation for the client s legal right to favor communicating and counsellor s duty to keep guidance communications confidentiality is a professional construct. It is so of import that both the APA ( 1992 ) Ethical rules and the ACA ( 1995 ) Code of Ethics each devote an full subdivision to confidentiality. However, a client s communications are non confidential in a tribunal of jurisprudence unless the mental wellness professional is lawfully certified or licensed in the province in which he or she patterns. Most provinces grant the clients of state-certified or accredited mental wellness professionals ( such as psychologists, professional counsellors, and matrimony and household healers ) the right of privileged communications. This means that clients, non counsellors, have control over who has entree to what they have said in therapy and protects them from holding their communications disclosed in a tribunal of jurisprudence. In order for communicating to be privileged, counsellors should follow four conditions. First, the communicating must arise in assurance that it will non be disclosed. Second, confidentiality must be indispensable to the full and satisfactory care of the relationship. Third, in the sentiment of the greater community, the relationship must be one that should be sedulously fostered. Finally, hurt to the relationship by revelation of the communicating must be greater than the benefit gained by the right disposal of judicial proceeding sing the information. If as a counsellor can claim these four conditions, so his clients communications are non merely confidential, but they are besides privileged and, hence, are protected from being disclosed in a tribunal of jurisprudence. One must retrieve, nevertheless, that there is ever a balance between a clients s right to privateness and society s demand to cognize. Despite the importance given to confidentiality and privileged communicating, Catholic Pope, and Keith-Spiegel ( 1987 ) reported that 62 per centum of psychologists in a national study indicated that they had accidentally violated a client s confidentiality and 21 per centum had deliberately violated a client s confidentiality. These dismaying statistics suggest that mental wellness professionals are at hazard for go againsting this nucleus ethical rule. Therefore, all mental wellness professionals need to be cognizant of the professional criterions sing confidentiality, the professional is guilty of transgressing the confidentiality. Secretaries are considered extensions of the certified or licensed mental wellness professionals to which they are accountable. Bettering Informed Consent The ACA ( 1995 ) Code of Ethics is really specific with regard to what should be disclosed to clients in order for them to give informed consent: When guidance is initiated, and throughout the guidance procedure as necessary, counsellors inform clients of the intents, ends, techniques, processs, restrictions, possible hazards and benefits of services to be performed, and other pertinent information. Counselors take stairss to guarantee that clients understand the deductions of diagnosing, the intended usage of trials and studies, fee, and charging agreements. Clients have the right to anticipate confidentiality and be provided with an account of its restrictions, including supervising and intervention squad professionals ; to obtain clear information about the instance records ; to take part in the on-going guidance programs ; and to decline any recommended services and be advised on the effects of such refusal. If a counsellor is asked by a client to unwrap to a 3rd party information revealed in therapy, have the client mark an informed consent signifier before doing any revelation. The counsellor may be surprised to larn that counsellor are non even permitted to react to enquiries about whether they are seeing a individual in therapy even the client s name and position in reding are confidential, unless the client has granted permission for this information to be released. One exclusion is when the client is paying for the services through an insurance company. This automatically grants the insurance company limited entree to information sing the client. The client needs to be made cognizant of the parametric quantities of the information that will be shared with the insurance company prior to get downing therapy. Again, it is apparent how of import it is to hold possible clients subscribe an informed consent signifier before they become clients. Bettering Clients Social welfare All the predating treatment remainders on the permission rests on the premiss that the counsellor s primary duty is to protect the public assistance of the client. The preamble to the APA ( 1992 ) Ethical Principles specifically states that it has as its primary end the public assistance and protection of the persons and groups with whom psychologists work. A similar statement is made by ACA ( 1995 ) Code of Ethical motives: the primary duty of counsellors is to esteem the self-respect and to advance the public assistance and of clients . Dual relationships, counsellors personal demands have already been discussed ; attending now needs to be given to the 3rd concern. An extra set of guidelines comes into drama when a counsellor is making work or working with a twosome or household. In a group scene, particular issues include makings of the group leader, informed consent when more than the group leader will be take parting in therapy, the bounds to confidentiality and to favor communicating when 3rd parties are present in therapy, and understanding how persons will be protected and their growing nurtured in a group state of affairs. Unlike single guidance, clients who want to be involved into a group experience demand to be screened before being accepted into a group. This testing non merely ensures that the client is appropriate for the group but besides protects other group members from a potentially dysfunctional group member. It is apparent that client public assistance, whether in single therapy or in group work, rests forthrightly on the shoulders of the counsellor. The counsellor must be cognizant of the assorted facets of the guidance relationship that can endanger the client s public assistance and take the stairss necessary to relieve the state of affairs. Robinson Kurpius and Gross offer several suggestions for safeguarding the public assistance of each client: Check to be certain that you are working in harmoniousness with any other mental wellness professional besides seeing your client. Develop clear, written descriptions codification of what clients may expert with regard to curative government, proving and studies, recordkeeping, charge, programming, and exigencies. Share your professional codification of moralss with your clients, and prior to get downing therapy discourse the parametric quantities of a curative relationship. Know your ain restrictions, and do non waver to utilize appropriate referral beginnings. Be certain that the attacks and techniques used are appropriate for the client and that you have the necessary expertness for their usage. See all other possibilities before set uping a guidance relationship that could be considered a double relationship. Measure the client s ability to pay and when the payment of the usual fee would make a adversity. Either accept a decreased fee or help the client in happening needful services at an low-cost cost. Objectively evaluate client advancement and the curative relationship to find if it is systematically in the best involvements of the client. Bettering the Ethical motives of Counseling in Some Specific Situations Counselors should look into exhaustively the general political relations and rules of an establishment before accepting employment because employment in a specific puting implies that selves in establishments that misuse their services and do non move in the best involvements of their clients, they must move either to alter the establishment through educational or persuasive agencies or happen other employment. The potency for major ethical crises between a counsellor and his or her employer exists in many school puting. School counsellors are frequently used as tools by school decision makers. When the possibility of struggle exists between a counsellor s trueness to the employer and the client, the counsellor should ever try to happen a declaration that protects the rights of the client ; the ethical duty is to the client foremost and the school lore other puting 2nd ( Huey, 1986 ) . One manner school counsellors can guarantee themselves of an ethically sound plan is to recognize that they may meet multiple quandary in supplying services to pupils, parents, and instructors. Therefore, before interacting with these different groups, school counsellors should go households with the ethical criterions of the American school reding association, which outlines counsellors duties to the groups with whom they work ( Henderson, 2003 ) . One of the most common state of affairss of guidance is about the household and matrimony. The ground is that counsellors are handling a figure of persons together as a system, and it is improbable that all members of the system have the same ends. To get the better of possible jobs, Thomas ( 1994 ) has developed a dynamic, process-oriented model for counsellors to utilize when working with households. This theoretical account discusses six values that affect counsellors, clients, and the guidance procedure: ( a ) duty, ( B ) unity, ( degree Celsius ) committedness, ( vitamin D ) freedom of pick, ( vitamin E ) authorization, and ( degree Fahrenheit ) right heartaches. Then, when a counsellor faces the guidance of household or matrimony, he or she should seek to follow this model. The usage of computing machines and engineering in guidance is another country of possible ethical trouble. The possibilities exist for a breach of client information when computing machines are used to convey information among professional counsellors. Other ethically sensitive countries include client or counsellor abuse and even the cogency of informations offered over computing machine links. In add-on, the job of cyber guidance or web reding that is, reding over the cyberspace in which the counsellor may be 100s of stat mis off is fraught with ethical quandary. Therefore, the national board of certified counsellors has issued ethical guidelines sing such behavior. Other reding scenes or state of affairss with important potency for ethical quandary include reding the aged, multicultural guidance, working in managed attention, diagnosing of clients, and reding research ( Jencius A ; Rotter, 1998 ) . In all of these countries, counsellors face new state of affairss, some of which are non addressed by the ethical criterions of the ACA. For case, in working with older grownups, counsellors must do ethical determinations sing the alone demands of the aging who have cognitive damages, a terminal unwellness, or who have been victims of maltreatment. In order to make so, counsellors may use rule moralss to these state of affairss that are based on a set of duties that focus on happening socially and historically appropriate replies to the inquiry: What shall I make? In other word, Is this action ethical? They may besides use virtuousness moralss, which focus on the character traits of the counsellor and nonmandatory ideals to which professional a spire . Rather than work outing a specific ethical inquiry, virtuousness moralss are focused on the inquiries: Am I making what is best for my client? Counselors are wise to incorporate both signifiers of moralss concluding into their deliberations if they wish to do the best determinations possible. In doing ethical determinations where there are no guidelines, it is besides critical for counsellor to remain abreast of current issues, tendencies, and even statute law related to the state of affairs they face. In the procedure, counsellors must take attention non to pigeonhole or otherwise be insensitive to clients with whom they are working. For case, a primary accent of research moralss is, suitably, on the protection of human topics in research. In the country of research in peculiar, there are four chief ethical issues that must be resolved: a. informed consent, b. coercion and misrepresentation, c. Confidentiality and privateness, and d. describing the consequences. ( Robinson A ; Gross, 1986 ) All of these countries involve people whose lives are in the attention of the research worker. Anticipation of jobs and execution of policies that produce humane and just consequences are indispensable. Bettering the Legal Aspects of Reding Counselors must follow specific legal guidelines in working with certain populations. But counsellors may frequently hold considerable problem in state of affairss in which the jurisprudence is non clear or a struggle exists between the jurisprudence and professional guidance moralss. However, it is of import that suppliers of mental wellness services be to the full informed about what they can or can non make lawfully. Such state of affairss frequently involve the sharing of information among clients, counsellors, and the tribunal system. Sharing may be broken down into confidentiality, privateness, and privileged communicating. Confidentiality is the ethical responsibility to carry through a contract or promise that the information revealed during therapy will be protected from unauthorised revelation. Confidentiality become a legal every bit good as an ethical concern if it is broken, whether intentionality or non. It is yearly one of the most inquired about ethical and legal concerns received by the ACA Ethics Committee including quandary sing right to privateness, clients right to privateness, and counsellors avoiding illegal and indefensible revelations of confidential information ( Williams A ; Freeman, 2002 ) . Privacy is an evolving legal construct that recognizes persons rights to take the clip, fortunes, and extent to which they wish to portion or keep back personal information. Clients who think they have been coerced into uncovering information they would non usually unwrap may seek legal resort against a counsellor. Privileged communicating, a narrower construct, regulates privateness protection and confidentiality by protecting clients from holding their confidential communications disclosed in tribunal without their permission. It is defined as a client s legal right, guaranteed by legislative act, that confidences arising in a curative relationship will be safeguarded ( Arthur A ; Swanson, 1993 ) . Most provinces recognize and protect privileged communicating in counselor-client relationships. As opposed to persons, the legal construct of privileged communicating by and large does non use in group and household guidance ( Anderson, 1996 ) . However, counsellors should see certain ethical concerns in protecting the confidentiality of group and household members. One major trouble with any jurisprudence government client and counsellor communicating is that Torahs vary from province to province. It is indispensable that counsellors know and communicating to their client potency state of affairss in which confidentiality may be broken ( Glosoff, 2000 ) . Therefore, there is a bound to how much confidentiality a counsellor can or should keep. When it appears that a client is unsafe to him or herself or to others, province Torahs specify that this information must be reported to the proper governments. Knapp ( 1982 ) note, nevertheless, that province Torahs vary, and describing such information is frequently hard. They suggest that when client force is at hazard, a counsellor should seek to defuse the danger while besides fulfilling any legal responsibility. They recommend confer withing with professional co-workers who have expertise in working with violent persons and documenting the stairss taken. Drumhead Some unethical state of affairss that typically cause confusion, harmonizing to research by Pope ( 1987 ) , include executing forensic work for a eventuality fee ; accepting goods ( instead than money ) as payment ; gaining a wage that is a per centum of client fees ; avoiding certain clients for fright of being sued ( really common now with grownup subsisters of childhood sexual maltreatment ) ; reding a close comparative or friend of a current client ; directing vacation recognizing cards to your clients ; giving personal advice on the wireless or telecasting ; prosecuting in a sexual phantasy about a client ; restricting intervention notes to name, day of the month, and fee ; ask foring clients to an office unfastened house ; and leting a client to run up a big, unpaid measure. Based on each state of affairs above, a counsellor should hold the thoughts about ethical attack to each of these. But frequently the ethical reply is non crystal clear, and environing fortunes need to be c onsidered. Then, counsellors should seek difficult to better the ethical and legal degree of guidance. Robinson and Gross ( 1989 ) surveyed 500 members of the American Mental Health Counselor s Association and found that those who had non a class in moralss had a peculiarly hard clip urging ethical behaviours in response to a series of instance sketchs. As a consequence, Robinson and Gross strongly recommended increased graduate-level instruction concentrating on professional moralss. Merely cognizing the codifications is non plenty ; counsellors besides need experience using the ethical guidelines to instance scenarios and need to discourse the moral logical thinking behind their determination devising. More and more clients are actioning their counsellors and psychologists for malpractice. For illustration, insurance rates for mental wellness professionals are surging, and insurance companies frequently want to settle out of tribunal instead than bear the costs of contending to turn out their inexperienced person. This may go forth the counsellor in a vulnerable place. His or her best defence is to act every bit ethically as possible while making everything in the power to advance the best involvements for the client. Most counsellors have entered this profession in order to assist others while gaining a life for their egos. Counseling is a baronial profession, particularly it a counsellor gives his best to each of his clients by being cognizant of when he is burned out, stressed, or merely obviously tired and by restricting his contact with clients when his personal jobs could interfere with the quality of his aid. If he keeps the ethical codifications in head at all times ; strive to be as mentally, emotionally, spiritually, and physically healthy as possible ; obtain a thorough alumnus instruction that emphasizes both cognition and pattern ; and seek advanced preparation and supervising when he is in the existent universe , so he should be a benefit to his clients and to his profession.

Rise of a Tyrant, Hitler and the Holocaust Essays

Rise of a Tyrant, Hitler and the Holocaust Essays Rise of a Tyrant, Hitler and the Holocaust Essay Rise of a Tyrant, Hitler and the Holocaust Essay Rise of a Tyrant, Hitler and the Holocaust BY oliver2017284 Rise of the Tyrant, Hitler and the Holocaust Germany was in utter chaos due to hyperinflation, Joblessness, and humiliation prompted by the Treaty of Versailles leading to a demoralized and dire state. During this crisis, Adolf Hitler, an unknown though high-ranking German soldier of World War l, saw firsthand how his country fought and made sacrifices again and again only to face defeat in the end. Hitler conveniently assigned blame on the innocent Jewish people. l will never be able to go back to Sweden without knowing inside myself that Id done all a man could do to save as many Jews as possible. (Raoul Wallenberg), Letters and Dispatches 1924-1944. Raoul Wallenberg, a Swedish diplomat and a humanitarian, saved over one hundred thousand Jews in Nazi occupied Hungary during the Holocaust and the later stages of World War II. Raoul Wallenberg witnessed horrific inhumane acts committed by Hitler and his Nazi army spurred by Hitlers ambitions, his effective use of propaganda creating one of worlds worst human tragedies the Holocaust, and his scapegoat of the Jewish people. Hitler wanted to restore Germany to its former glory and eliminate the aftermath of the Treaty of Versailles. With the Treaty of Versailles put into place after WWII, Germany was forced to pay harsh reparations and give-up German colonies. Hitler took advantage of Germanys instability to advocate his vision of a pure German state, which also helped solidify his gain for power. Germanys economy was in severe recession and that made Hitlers power rise immensely because he was able to pinpoint the concerns of the masses. He put in place a social hierarchy where the Aryans were placed at the top and the Slavs, Jews, and the homosexuals placed at the bottom. He advocated one strong leader was needed to help lead this movement for a stronger Germany. In his mind, the Jews were the culprit and could not be trusted. The struggle for world domination will be fought entirely between us, between Germans and Jews. All else is facade and illusion. Behind England stands Israel, and behind France, and behind the United States. Even when we have driven the Jew out of Germany, he remains our world enemy. (Adolf Hitler) declared in 1927. He wanted to transform himself into a dominant leader and gain power by sacrificing the Jewish people. Therefore, Hitler was eager to create this imagined utopia where Germany was a country consisting of a single race, absolutely no Jews, and no physically or mentally impaired people and transforming it into a world power once again. To gain power, propaganda was heavily used to brainwash the masses and spread anti-Semitism to help him gain the status of the Fuhrer a tyrannical leader. Hitler even created a special name for the Jews, Untermenschen the sub-humans. Discrimination against the Jews quickly spread as time passed under the reign of Hitler. It is a small, rootless, international clique that is turning the people against each other that does not want them to conduct peace. (Adolf Hitler) speaks in 1929. personal biases and opted to tarnish the Jewish legitimacy. Hitler conveyed to his people that the Jewish had no permanent country of origin, and therefore they had no loyalty to Germany either. He also manipulated the masses by dehumanizing the Jewish people. Nazi thugs forbid Germans from going into Jewish shops, banks, and ffices, but unfortunately for Hitler, most Germans initially ignored his mission. Hitler did not expect his power to be condoned by his peers, what he wanted was his rules to have impact and widespread by the use of force and violence. His hunger for power soon led him to be a malicious and tyrannical leader. Hitler started to distinguish the hierarchies by creating symbols and signs to distinguish the Jews from the rest. Jewish people had their Jewish star sign pinned on their Jacket, and they werent allowed in certain places such as theaters, swimming pools, and resorts. On the other hand, people that wore the Swastika were feared but respected. Furthermore, what the soldiers accomplished were all part of Hitlers propaganda plans. As Germany dominated Austria, Poland, and countries around Czechoslovakia, Hitler attempted to eliminate the Jewish race completely by building concentration camps. The Nazis filled the concentration camps with Jewish captives and slowly eradicated them. They eliminated woman, children, and elders because of their physical limitations . Germans also forced the men and teens to labor for long hours. Hitler wanted to make use of the Jewish people efficiently, so he made them do harsh physical labor that no one else was willing to do. The Nazis committed mass murders after they felt the Jews work was done. Hitler thought about the limiting factors such as the food source, so he fgured the best way was to kill them all. Hitler used methods such as mass open-air shootings, gas chambers, forced to work until death, and death marches. Hitler anticipated many ways to get rid of the Jews as fast as possible. One of his well known and cruel ways was to use gas chemicals to poison the Jews. Almost 6 million Jews were murdered during the Holocaust and that was two-thirds of the Jews in Europe at the time. 1. 1 million children were killed during the Holocaust. His inhumane actions clearly brought the attention of the outside world. Germans were extremely powerful and advanced, they started to expand their army and reached for the Soviet Union. However their aggressive and quick expansion exhausted their own supplies. (Lucy Li) Hitlers troops were exhausted, millions dead or captured, and with the fall of the Romanian oil fields, German armies were running out of gasoline. Soon they dropped from the peak to the pit bottom by an attack from other countries such as the United States. During Hitlers reign, hundreds of thousands of Jews were sent into concentration camps. Wallenberg took on a humanitarian mission to save around one hundred Jews. Hitlers inhumane act to gain power was completely unforgiving and needs to be prevented at all cost in the future. Hitler exchanged 5. 7 million Jewish people for the sake of his own power and selfish dream. Therefore, this dark part of history should never happen again for the sake of humankind.

Microeconomic of my own life Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Microeconomic of my own life - Essay Example Having learnt various principles and theories in microeconomics, the objective of this paper is to relate my life experiences to some of these microeconomic aspects. Microeconomics has made me appreciate choice as a comparison of alternatives. The forgone opportunities for the next benefit alternatives would be referred to as opportunity cost as noted by Boyes and Melvin (23). Opportunity costs refer to the highly valued alternatives which have to be forgone when making a choice. Thus, in my case, the freedom to watch movies, eat the food of my choice and play with my pet would be considered as the opportunity cost as I had to forgo this for the sake of enrolling in a boarding school. The next benefit alternative would thus be joining a boarding school which was meant to make me excel academically. Despite the academic benefit that I was to realize by being in a boarding school, I found other benefits that I would not have found had I remained in my previous learning institution. My father worked in a pen manufacturing firm and hence gave me the best ball-pens to use for my writing. I made many friends in school because of these pens as many students would borrow my pens. At first, I was generous enough to give them out. Within a short period of time, students would demand to know where the pens were sourced from. Actually, the pens were available in the stores but at a high cost and thus stocked less. Remember, Boyes and Melvin (23) observe that costly goods do not elicit the urge to buy from consumers. A majority of pen users would prefer the less costly pen varieties as long as these pens served the intended purpose, quality aside. Since my father supplied these pens to me free of charge and in unlimited quantities, I started selling them to those students who demanded for it at a slightly lower cost than they fetched in the retail stores. The attractive qualities of the pens including swift gliding while writing and availability in diverse colors made the p ens popular. Word went round the school on the attributes of the pen which made the demand increase. Students drawn from various classes would look for me to supply them with these pens. Realizing the increased demand for the pens, I raised the selling price for each pen. This trend follows the microeconomic law of supply which according to Boyes and Melvin (52) dictates an increase in supply with increase in the prices of specific goods or services and a decrease in supply with a fall in price. Assuming the role of a supplier, as the students were willing to spend more to have the pens, I kept increasing the cost. Since I could not wholly satisfy the demand for these pens, I could not determine the effect of price increase on demand which according to the law of demand dictates that with such price increases, there tends to be a decrease in demand. But the trend did not last for long as I had to be careful neither to sell the pens at the cost in the stores nor to sell them at a cos t deemed exorbitant to the students. It reached a point where I could clearly see the impact of price increment on the demand for the pens from the students. As if abiding by the law of demand, the students gradually reduced their demand until I had a number of students whose demand for the pens I could satisfy at the indicated cost. In essence, this was the equilibrium according to

THE LAW OF HEALTH AND SAFETY AT WORK Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

THE LAW OF HEALTH AND SAFETY AT WORK - Essay Example According to the provisions of the common law, employers are required to safeguard the physical and psychological health of their employees. They are also required to provide a safe system of work, safe means of access, plant and equipment, and fellow employees. Furthermore, employees have to be protected from unnecessary risk of injury (Mcilroy, 2000). This duty of care is an implied obligation in a contract of employment. It had been the extant practice to permit employees to claim compensation from their employers if they were injured at the workplace, due to the negligence of the latter. The courts have commenced to grant compensation for psychological injuries caused by employers. In order to succeed in a claim for psychiatric injury, the applicant has to establish genuine psychological damage; presence of a causal link between the psychiatric injury and his employment; and that the psychiatric injury had been foreseeable by the employer (Mcilroy, 2000). Moreover, the applicant must submit expert opinion to establish psychiatric illness, in order to claim compensation. Stress in employment, gradually erodes the health of employees, and reduces self-esteem, confidence, and other abilities. Such employees are less likely to claim compensation from their employers (Mcilroy, 2000). ... The Employment Protection Act 1975 (Employment Protection Act (c. 71), 1975) provides rights related to time off, and these have been included in the Employment Rights Act 1996 (Employment Rights Act (c. 18), 1996). A few of these rights provide employees with paid time off and the other rights allow employees to avail themselves of unpaid time off. Specifically, section 50(4) of the Employment Rights Act 1996, requires the duration of time off and pertinent factors to be of a reasonable nature. This was clearly discernible in the Employment Appellate Tribunal’s decision in Borders Regional Council v Maule, wherein the former stressed that there was to be a balance between the needs of the employer and the rights of the employee (Borders Regional Council v Maule, 1993). Health and Safety at Work It is to be examined, whether the corporate law firm, is in breach of the provisions of the Health and Safety at Work etc. Act of 1974. In instances involving work related stress an em ployee can initiate legal action against his employer in the County Court or High Court, or apply to an Employment Tribunal. The first ruling regarding negligence arose in Walker v Northumberland County Council. In this case, it was held that it was reasonable to foresee risk of psychiatric injury, if the concerned employee had already undergone a nervous breakdown. All the same, this was not to be construed to imply that an employer could continue to subject an employee to excessive stress, until the latter suffered a stress related injury. In Garratt v London Borough of Camden, the Court of Appeal opined that a significant proportion of the population underwent nervous breakdowns and depression, and that quite a few of these individuals were

Organisation And Behaviour Report Management Essay

Organisation And Behaviour Report Management Essay This report will discuss the impact that different leadership styles may have on motivation in organisations in periods of change, it compare the application of different motivation a theories within the workplace and the usefulness of a motivation theory for managers. However, this report also explains the nature of groups and group behaviour within organisations; the factors that may promote or inhibit the development of effective teamwork in organisations and evaluate the impact of technology on team functioning within an organisation. The organisations that this report will focus are Tesco and Asda. Discuss the impact that different leadership styles may have on motivation in organisations in periods of change Leadership is an association through which one person influences the behaviours of other persons in an organisation. Motivation is the process by which the behaviour of an individual is influenced by others, through their power to offer or withhold satisfaction of the individuals needs and goals. (BPP Learning Media, 2010) Leadership styles and their impacts on motivation: Leadership is about influencing, motivating and inspiring people. The essential job of management is the well-organised and effective use of human resources for the attainment of organisational targets. Effective using of human resource cannot be achievable without motivate the employees of the organisation. Therefore, to motivate the employees, leadership styles play a significant role because they make the company culture that influences the organisation and its performance. There are different types of leadership styles and each type has its own impact on motivation in work organisations and those are autocratic, democratic and laissez-faire leadership. Autocratic leadership: The autocratic leadership style is one which leaders have absolute power over their workers or team. They tell people what to do instead of asking for employees opinions or suggestions. For example, Tesco use autocratic leadership because the company needs too or the tasks won not be approved out inside the business. Tescos autocratic leaders give employees their role and responsibilities. This can give their business clear route but it may also guide managers to overlook input from their teams. It is important when Tescos business faces a critical situation or when an immediate problem occurs that requires an urgent reaction. Autocratic leadership style allows Tescos managers to make most functioning decisions. For example, if an accident happens in the store, manager might take control to ensure a quick and co-ordinated reply, and they have the right to make the last decision. However, Tescos managers are attempting to convince their teams to accept their opinion. Also their manage rs get the opinions of the lower staff before taking a decision. So if they did not use autocratic then Tescos wouldnt be run sufficiently. Democratic leadership: Although democratic leaders make the last decisions, they call other members of the team to add to the decision-making process. For example, Tesco accepts democratic leadership to boost job contentment by involving team members, and helps to develop peoples skills. Under this leadership style, Tescos staffs feel esteemed, that is why staffs are encouraged to work hard by more than a monetary remuneration. Tesco chooses leadership roles to staffs in the organisation so that everyone is clear about their responsibilities, to implement the strategic decisions through efficient communication and doing a follow up on the employees to ensure that they providing quality services. This increases team motivation and encourages creativity. Laissez-faire leadership: Is a style where the manager observes that members of the group are working well on their own (Mullins, 2005). Tescos managers adopted laissez-faire leadership, where they give all authority and power to the employees and they must determine goals, make decisions, and resolve problems on their own. Working under laissez-faire leadership style, employees can improve their communication skills, teamwork skills as well as enhance loyalty and responsibility. See Tescos all leadership styles in (Appendix 1) Compare the application of different motivational theories within the workplace Motivation theories can be classified extensively into two different viewpoints. See content and process theories of motivation in (Appendix 2). Content theories emphasis on what motivates individual and process theories emphasis on the real process of motivation. Motivation is complex. Its influenced by withdrawals and reinforced by multiple factors. According to classic motivational theorists such as Maslow and Herzberg, human beings have a set of needs or desired outcomes and will act in such a way to fulfil them while other motivational theorists such as Victor and Locke argued that the informed expectations and particular targets will become motivator factors that lead humans to act and work in order to reach desirable goals. Maslow puts forward a theory that there are five levels of human needs which employees need to have fulfilled at work, see (Appendix 3). There are two things to remember about Maslows model. First, employee must satisfy lower level needs before they seek to satisfy higher level needs. Second, once they have satisfied a need, it no longer motivates them; the next higher need takes its place. In other hand, Herzberg theory suggests that there are two basic needs of individuals such as hygiene factors (environmental factors) and motivation factors, see (Appendix 4). Herzberg outlines the main issues concerning motivation: those factor that motivation employee in the workplace (motivation factors) and those factors that prevented job dissatisfaction (hygiene factors). Herzberg encouraged leaders to study the job itself rather than conditions of work. Porter and Lawler argues that human act according to their conscious expectations that a particular behavior will lead to specific desirable goals, see (Appendix 5). Three component of expectancy t theory are: E P (Expectancy): The employee believes that his/her efforts will result in acceptable performance. P R (Instrumentality): the employee believes that acceptable performance will lead to the desired outcome or reward. R (Valence): the employee values the reward. P 494 Comparing to other theories, Locke theory suggests that motivation and performance will be high if individuals are put specific objectives which are difficult, but accepted and where comment is given on performance. See (Appendix 6). Practical implication for the manager of goal theory include: the need for systematic identification of specific performance goals. The need for goals to be challenging but realistic; the importance of complete and accurate feedback on results and the need for goals to be determined either by a superior or by the individuals themselves. However, according to McGregor theory, manager of organisation posses two different assumptions about the human nature and s/he explained these two assumptions in two different theories: Theory X and Theory Y. According to theory X, the human being has always being inherited for the disliking of the work. They always try to avoid the work either they can do or not. According to him, managers always think that their employees are lazy. Manager has to forced, direct and controlled his people to do work. For example: Tesco use two motivation hierarchies (Maslow and Herzberg), see both hierarch in (Appendix 7 and 8). Tesco use Maslow theory because it suggested them if they achieve one level then it motivates them to achieve the next. Also Tesco aims to motivate its staffs both by paying interest to hygiene factors and by enabling satisfiers. For example, it motivates and empowers its staffs by suitable and opportune communication, by giving responsibility and involving employees in decision making. They forums this in which staff can be part of the discussions on pay rises. This shows credit of the work that staffs do and rewards them. Tesco staff can even control what food goes onto its restaurant menus. Employees consequently become motivated to make choices that will increase their use of the restaurants. In other hand ASDA believe in McGregor theory y. They completely have a positive approach towards their employee handling. They create awareness between their employees to gather information about different fields. The employees working as ASDA either individually or working as a team learn to face challenges. The different method adopted by ASDA is that they make different teams and make them competitor between themselves by providing the same task and hence see their performance by the results gained for the improvement of the company. Theory X does also apply to ASDA, especially where staffs are concerned. The emphasis is on the use of money and control to encourage employees to perform in the correct manner. In addition to this, ASDA give time and a half pay to employees on Sunday as a motivation. Evaluate the usefulness of a motivation theory for managers. Motivation is to encourage people to work, independently or in teams in the ways such as to create best results. It is the desire to apply high levels of attempted towards organisational aims, conditioned by the attempts and capability to satisfy some individual need. Motivation is apply to the whole class of drives, desires, needs and wishes. Managers motivate their subordinates is to say that they do those things which they hope will satisfy these desires and compel the subordinates to perform in a desired method. The most important task of management is to motivate others. It comprises the abilities to communicate, to set an example, to challenge, encourage, getting feedback, to develop and train, to inform and to provide a just reward. See motivation process on (Appendix 9). Employees have to be treated with diligence. The manager has to stay friendly as well as maintain a level of distance with his/her staff. It is a tricky ground to tread. The staffs look up on the manager as their leader. They expect maturity, rationality and understanding from their superiors. Simple things like calling people by their first name, chatting or even a general inquiry about their well-being, brings in a feeling of belongingness. All the employees in the organisation vibrate to a different place. A treatment that motivates one may not motivate the other. Understanding the difference in character and temperament in between the individuals is important. Managers set reasonable goals. Planning too high task creates a feeling of non-achievement, right from the beginning itself. The goals set should be such which looks feasible to the staffs to be achieved. A slightly higher target than expected provides a challenge. Explain the nature of groups and group behavior within organisations The term group can be defined as two or more persons interacting and working together for a common purpose. When people work in groups rather than as individuals, the goals of the organisation can be easily achieved. However, working in a group is a complex task. Group dynamics refers to the interactions among the members of a group. A work group of an organisation is the most important base for the social identity of employees in that organisation. Therefore, performance at work and relationships outside the organisation are influenced by the nature of groups in the organisation. Nature of Groups: Different kinds of groups are created to get specific results in organisations. The members accept a common task, become mutually dependent in their performance, and interact with each other to promote its achievement. There are three views on the nature of interaction between members of a group. The first view is the normative view, which describes how to carry out activities and manage a group. According to the second view, group dynamics includes of a set of techniques which include, role play, team building, sensitivity training and self-managed teams. The third view explains group dynamics from the point of view of the internal nature of the groups. The structure of groups and performance are discussed in this view along with the effect of groups on individuals, other groups, and the complete organisation. Dynamics of Group Formation: Organisations form groups for a variety of reasons. Different classical theories of groups attempt to explain why managers form groups. The theory of proximity suggests employees closeness as the reason because individuals who working at places located close to one another tend to form groups. According to balance theory, group formation results from the resemblance of attitudes and values between members. Individuals with common interests sustain their relationship by an equal balance between their attitudes and common interests. Another theory of group formation is the exchange theory. It suggests reward-cost outcomes of interaction as the reason. By becoming members of a group, individuals complete their need for association. Formal Groups: A group formed by the organisation to achieve a specific task is termed as a formal group. The organisation structure a formal group and gives tasks and responsibilities to different members with the intent of reaching organisational aims. Command groups and task groups are examples of formal groups. A command group is relatively permanent in nature and finds representation in the organisation chart. Task groups, on the other hand, are formed for a specific task and are temporary in nature. Informal Groups: Informal groups are formed by the staffs themselves. The reasons for the formation of informal groups can be the need for closeness, ordinary interests, growth or support. There are two types of informal groups: friendship groups and interest groups. Members of friendship groups have a friendly relationship with each other, common interests and are similar in age and view, but interest groups are formed to manage an activity and are temporary. The Five-Stage Model: According to the five-stage model of group development, all groups pass through the forming, storming, norming, performing, and adjourning stages. Forming: This is the first stage of group formation where members aim to identify acceptable behaviour in a group. The members try to format their behaviour so as be a part of the group. Storming: In this stage, disagreements about leadership between members might give leads to other involvements. By the end of this stage, a comparatively clear structure of positions in the group emerges. Norming: This stage of group increases a sense of comradeship in members through the development of close relationships. Performing: In this stage, members of the group show committed performance to achieve aims defined in the norming stage. Adjourning: This is the last stage for provisional groups such as task groups or committees formed to do some tasks. After this stage, the groups stop to exist. While some of the members may feel happy about the achievements, others may be unhappy that they will lose friends after the group disperses. The effectiveness of groups is supposed to increase through the stages. Discuss factors that may promote or inhibit the development of effective teamwork in organisations An effective team is one that achieves high level of task performance, member satisfaction, and team viability. There are a number of factors that are required to develop effective teamwork, and those factors are: good leadership, effective communication, diversity and plan for disagreement resolution. Leadership is one of the most important parts of teamwork. This means that the team leader have the ability to create and sustain a working culture that is positive, which in turn will help to motivate. For example, Tesco have good leadership and this helps them to motivate and even inspire the team members to get involved in creating a positive working environment, along with high levels of obligation. Tescos team leader not only focuses on their own aim and direction of the team, but also makes sure that the other members of the team share this focus. Also they are capable to promote a high level of morale between the team members so that they feel supported and valued. Tesco train their employees to have good and effective communication because communication is a very important factor of interpersonal interaction. Therefore, one of the key facets of teamwork is open communication, wherein it enables members of the team to expressive their feelings, plans and shares their ideas, and understands each others viewpoints. Also in case of poor communication observed Tescos leaders work around the aspect and make way for effective communication between the team members. Diversity also promotes creativity, innovation, and raises Tescos awareness and respect for differences, which will support effective teamwork. However, team members have a way of saying their opinions without fear of causing offense to anyone. In fact, it is recommendable for the team leader to actually sit with the parties in disagreement and work out the differences between them. However, teamwork can only come about when the team leader sets a task, which can be following by the team members. Evaluate the impact of technology on team functioning within a given organisation New technology has been introduced into the workplaces. Many organisations see new technology as the means to increase profit and to stay competitive in a marketplace. For example, at Tesco, IT is at the heart of everything they do to make shopping better for customers. New technologies can free up Tescos staff capacity, increase job satisfaction through better communication and improve role responsibilities, by giving different grades of staff an opportunity to take part in new tasks. On the positive side, new technologies have an impact on how staff can be trained and updated. Examples include simulation technology, accessing information via handheld devices, interactive DVDs and online training. Tesco use online technologies because it is easier for staff to access information, share good practice and keep up to date with new research. The use of new technologies can improve and in some cases hinder team functioning. As technology changes teams must update and maintain their knowledge in order to function effectively. E-mail, Mobile phones, groupware and computers are technologies which have improved team functions within an organisation. Tesco use these technologies to improve team functions. Email allows staffs to communication with each other from different place which means that Tesco team members do not need to be in the same place at the same time in order to communicate effectively. They use mobile phones because it allow teams to communicate even when team members are out of the office or otherwise unavailable. However, Tesco use personal computers because it allows their team members to carry out different tasks and communicate more effectively. IT systems play a key role in helping Tescos deliver strong profits and they improved scanners, better self service tills, and checkout cameras were helping it reduce queues. Self-service checkouts now account for a fifth of all of Tesco transactions. Recommendation: This recommendation allowing British Airways and Coca Cola Conclusion: After studying and a analysing the results of this report show that there are

How Fitzgerald Tell the Story in Chapter 1 of the Great Gatsby Essay

Write about some of the ways Fitzgerald tells the story in chapter 1 The chapter begins with Nick Carraway introducing himself as the narrator. Fitzgerald uses a first-person retrospective narrative, therefore we are given Nicks point of view throughout. The chapter begins with Nick remembering his father’s advice that â€Å"all people in this world haven’t had the advantages that [he’s] had† this tells the reader that the main theme of the novel is wealth. The use of the word â€Å"advantages† suggests that Nick comes from a wealthy family. Fitzgerald makes Nick claim that â€Å"I’m inclined to reserve all judgements† yet quickly contradicts this he tells â€Å"the intimate revelations of young men† are â€Å"marred by obvious suppressions†, by Fitzgerald doing this, the audience are given an opinion on Nick, realising he is likely to be an unreliable narrator. However when Nick says â€Å"I’m inclined to reserve all judgements† the reader may also feel that Nick will give a true and honest account of the events and will not be biased against any of the characters. Fitzgerald uses this chapter to set the scene of the novel. Fitzgerald makes it clear through Nick’s narration that the events within the novel have already taken place â€Å"back from the East last autumn†, the reader instantly knows that we will be given an interpretation of the events and they will all be from Nicks point of view. Nick talks about â€Å"Midas and Morgan and Maecenas† all three of these men were renowned for their wealth. Morgan and Maecenas were real men, whereas Midas’s story is a Greek myth. By mentioning both myth and reality in the first chapter Fitzgerald tells the reader that myth and reality will be mixed throughout the novel. Fitzgerald introduces most of the main characters within this chapter as part of the establishment of the text. Gatsby is the first to be introduced excluding Nick, which could suggest that Gatsby is the protagonist of the novel. Later on in the chapter we are introduced to Tom, Daisy and Jordan as Nick goes to a dinner party over at East egg. Fitzgerald has Nick use exaggerations of expressions and body language to create an impression of Tom Buchannan and the others in East egg. Fitzgerald has Nick harshly describe Tom as being â€Å"arrogant† and powerful â€Å"not even the effeminate swank of his riding clothes could hide the enormous power of that body† by using this description Fitzgerald highlights his role as a dominant male, Fitzgerald supports this by the use of direct speech from Tom â€Å"I am stronger and more of a man than you are†, this again shows that Tom believes  he is above everybody else again re-enforcing his arrogance. Fitzgerald uses oxymoron’s to describe the way in which Tom handles Nick â€Å"he turned me around again politely and abruptly† this shows that Nick as a narrator is contradicting himself hence causing the reader to question his narrat ion once again. Throughout the chapter, Nick uses adverbs such as â€Å"accusingly† and â€Å"helplessly† when referring to Daisy, allowing Fitzgerald to give the impression that she is dominated by Tom and that they are living in a patriarchal society. This contrast is displayed by Nick’s use of adverbs such as â€Å"decisively†, â€Å"restlessly† and â€Å"crossly† when retelling Tom’s speech, showing Tom’s power. During the dinner where also introduced to myrtle in a way as her phone call interrupts dinner, we also find out about how Jordan talks about her Tom and his family, â€Å"Tom’s got some woman in new York†, therefore showing she’s not a very trustworthy character. Fitzgerald also uses simile’s to add more emphasis to the point he is making â€Å"compelled me to the room as though he were moving a checker to another square†, this also shows Tom’s power. towards the end of the chapter Nick witnesses Gatsby standing at the end of his lawn, nick describes the way in which Gatsby held out his arms as â€Å"curious† this gives the reader an urge to want to read on and find out what the green light is and what significance it holds in relation to Gatsby. Fitzgerald makes Nick use the word â€Å"vanished† at the end of the chapter which give the chapter a more dramatic end.

Why the United States Joined the Space Race

In 1957 Russia set the bar in technological advances against the United States when for the time ever in history Russia sent a spacecraft into orbit. While the Cold War dwindled down and the space race took off the United States felt the pressure. The space race demonstrated the precedence for the United States to take charge against the communist Russia. So with this the United States joined the race to space with President Kennedy pushing is at full force. Kennedy sought out an inspirational goal that would surely motivate the country.The fear that the Soviet Union could launch a missile from anywhere in the world gave Kennedy all the support he needed to join the race. Section I explains why the United States joined the space race using the realism theory; Section II details how the individual level of analysis brought America into space using the realism theory; Section III will qualify the decision making-progress; Section IV will provide a closing to why the United States joine d the space race. Realist Theory on the Space Race The decision of the United States to join the space can be seen through the realist theory.The realism perspective views the nation-state as the most important actor on the world stage. Realist view world politics as an endless repetitive, struggle for power much like the relationship shared between the United States and Russia. After the failure at the Bay of Pigs in Cuba â€Å"Kennedy wanted to link his administration to the dream of reaching the stars. †1 The United States feared that the communist Russia would soon be, if not already, advancing past America not only in technology but also in missilery. Such advances brought â€Å"fear of domestic spying† which â€Å"became a powerful force in the American life in the postwar era. 2 These fears represent the realist perspective as America and Russia struggle for power in the desire to take the world stage. With both country’s uncertainty of the others intent ions the race developed into a constant struggle for a lead as a new decade began. After the launch and safe return of Sputnik I â€Å"the Russians were hailed as leaders of world technology†¦ the initiative had been snatched from America, and the for the first time U. S. leaders were shocked to learn the conquest of outer space was not to be a one-country affair. 3 As a result it became â€Å"increasily important for the United States to salvage whatever pride and prestige it could by placing a satellite into orbit as soon as possible. †4 The realist perspective of the space race instilled a fearsome implication, â€Å"the nation that dominated space could dominate the Earth. †5 Feeling the threat of Russian as they advanced in technology, missilery and international prestige the United States demonstrated the realist theory as they to developed as a nation in order to exceed Russia Individual Level of Analysis in the Space RaceAs the Soviet Union continued to h old the stage in the space race, President Kennedy developed a plan that would surely win the race. President Kennedy asked, â€Å"How can we catch up? There is nothing more important. †6 With these questions in the air Kennedy sought out an inspirational goal to rally the country. On May 25, 1961 Kennedy announced â€Å"the nation’s intention to place a man on the moon before the end of the decade. †7 His plans disagreed with scientist who felt that adding a human to the spacecraft â€Å"was foolish† as it â€Å"diverted money from more important scientific projects in order to carry out what they regarded as a public stunt. 8 Such behavior demonstrated by Kennedy represents the individual level of analysis. The individual level of analysis refers to the personality traits, experiences, and behavior of those responsible for decision-making. President Kennedy felt it necessary to send a human to the moon in order for the â€Å"nation to take a clearly l eading role in space achievement, which in many ways may hold the key to our future on Earth. †9 For such reason the individual level of analysis supports the realist theory to explain why the United States joined in the space race.Kennedy’s desire to implement the importance of his ideas on the country was done so in the hopes that the United States would be able to surpass Russia and take the led on the world stage once again. The individual level of analysis balances with the realist theory because Kennedy’s goal of a â€Å"manned lunar journey was a goal dramatic enough to capture the world’s attention† eventually leading the United States to end the race, because in July 20, 1961 the first manned mission to the moon was a success. 0 Qualifying the Decision Making-Progress The decision for the United States to join the space race can be seen through the individual level of analysis and the realist theory. The space race put the United States in â€Å"a aggressive position in the race with the Soviets for space dominance. †11 The idea of the liberal theory and constructivist theory do not play a role in the race to space because both countries are not obtaining a mutual gain nor are there any outside organization playing a role in the race to space.It instead reflects the realist theory as the United States attempts to weaken Russian’s place on the work stage by obtaining a new worldwide prestige. The idea of state or systemic level of analysis both feature qualities not demonstrated in the space race. Although the space race can be represented by similar characteristics of the state level of analysis the influences of the Individual level weighs more on the outcome of decisions being made. President Kennedy was committed to supporting a more robust space program than his predecessor, thereby allowing him greater influence over the space mission. 2 His involvement and influential decisions makes the idea of in dividual level of analysis more favorable. Conclusion of the United States Decision to join the Space Race With Russia taking the lead on the world stage in missilery, technology, and prestige, the United States began to develop a new way to compete with the communist country. While the Russians had the upper hand in the race to space President Kennedy came up with an idea that would surely inspire the country and gain back their place on the world stage.With this the United State now had the challenge to place a man on the moon by the end of the decade. The plan demonstrated to Russia that United States was still in the lead as superpower nation. The epic battle between the America and Soviet Union the brought about new fears and development in the use of missiles. By looking at the realist theory and the individual level of analysis the decision to join the space race developed through strong motivations by president Kennedy who wanted the nation to remain at the top of the world stage.Bibliography Cadbury, Deborah. Space Race: the Epic Battle between America and the Soviet Union for Dominion of Space. New York: HarperCollins, 2006. Print. Hardesty, Von, and Gene Eisman. Epic Rivalry: the inside Story of the Soviet and American Space Race. Washington, D. C. : National Geographic, 2007. Print. Taylor, L. B. Lift Off! : the Story of America's Spaceport. New York: E. P. Dutton, 1968. Print. Watts, Franklin. U. S. and Soviet Space Program. USA: David E. Newton, 1988. Print. â€Å"The Decision to Go to the Moon. † Lunar and Planetary Institute (LPI). Web. 26 Oct. 2010. .